{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118179005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010011","title":"Encryption for Industrial Control Systems: A Survey of Application-Level and Network-Level Approaches in Smart Grids","display_name":"Encryption for Industrial Control Systems: A Survey of Application-Level and Network-Level Approaches in Smart Grids","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118179005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010011"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp6010011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/6/1/11/pdf?version=1767514496","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/6/1/11/pdf?version=1767514496","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082768602","display_name":"Mahesh Narayanan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahesh Narayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103219192","display_name":"Muhammad Asfand Hafeez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8017-8447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asfand Hafeez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Arslan Munir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3126-8945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arslan Munir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3126-8945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1114},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1114},"fwci":5.3132,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90619686,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"11","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14276","display_name":"Power Systems and Technologies","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.7178000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.6820999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5763000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-system","display_name":"Industrial control system","score":0.4894999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.46129998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.36090001463890076}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.7178000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.6820999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5763000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.53329998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.4894999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.46129998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17886624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320561","display_name":"Key management","level":3,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172862783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165888","display_name":"Control system security","level":5,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178148461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1632136","display_name":"Security controls","level":3,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778907243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168160","display_name":"IEC 61850","level":3,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp6010011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/6/1/11/pdf?version=1767514496","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1e65eb57a3894e869d52e82078fe7966","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1e65eb57a3894e869d52e82078fe7966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, Vol 6, Iss 1, p 11 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp6010011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/6/1/11/pdf?version=1767514496","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6573537588119507}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6862844298","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-CR0000050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7118179005.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7118179005.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507106123","https://openalex.org/W2009429512","https://openalex.org/W2244582324","https://openalex.org/W2473954534","https://openalex.org/W2537726958","https://openalex.org/W2781283530","https://openalex.org/W2800348009","https://openalex.org/W2887044800","https://openalex.org/W3093659235","https://openalex.org/W3109853509","https://openalex.org/W3198151584","https://openalex.org/W3203247388","https://openalex.org/W3205466899","https://openalex.org/W3217478367","https://openalex.org/W4381614838","https://openalex.org/W4385307366","https://openalex.org/W4392694244","https://openalex.org/W4393965201","https://openalex.org/W4400235357","https://openalex.org/W4407361554","https://openalex.org/W4408611403","https://openalex.org/W4411142920"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Industrial":[0],"Control":[1],"Systems":[2],"(ICS)":[3],"are":[4,80,162],"fundamental":[5],"to":[6,29,67,208,224],"the":[7,30,75,82,105,109],"operation,":[8],"monitoring,":[9],"and":[10,24,26,38,57,77,128,130,136,147,151,174,181,201],"automation":[11],"of":[12,50,101,144],"critical":[13,48],"infrastructure":[14],"in":[15,60,90,142,149],"sectors":[16],"such":[17,189],"as":[18,108,190],"energy,":[19],"water":[20],"utilities,":[21],"manufacturing,":[22],"transportation,":[23],"oil":[25],"gas.":[27],"According":[28],"Purdue":[31],"Model,":[32],"ICS":[33,93,111],"encompasses":[34],"tightly":[35],"coupled":[36],"OT":[37],"IT":[39],"layers,":[40],"becoming":[41],"increasingly":[42,91],"interconnected.":[43],"Smart":[44],"grids":[45],"represent":[46],"a":[47,98,210],"class":[49],"ICS;":[51],"thus,":[52],"this":[53],"survey":[54,100,185],"examines":[55],"encryption":[56,102],"relevant":[58],"protocols":[59],"smart":[61,106,216],"grid":[62,107,217],"communications,":[63],"with":[64,176,220],"findings":[65],"extendable":[66],"other":[68,225],"ICS.":[69,226],"Encryption":[70],"techniques":[71],"implemented":[72],"at":[73],"both":[74],"protocol":[76],"network":[78],"layers":[79],"among":[81],"most":[83],"effective":[84],"cybersecurity":[85],"strategies":[86],"for":[87,196,213],"protecting":[88],"communications":[89],"interconnected":[92],"environments.":[94],"This":[95],"paper":[96],"provides":[97],"comprehensive":[99],"practices":[103],"within":[104],"primary":[110],"application":[112],"domain,":[113],"focusing":[114],"on":[115],"protocol-level":[116],"solutions":[117],"(e.g.,":[118,133],"DNP3,":[119],"IEC":[120,122,179,182],"60870-5-104,":[121],"61850,":[123],"ICCP/TASE.2,":[124],"Modbus,":[125],"OPC":[126],"UA,":[127],"MQTT)":[129],"network-level":[131],"mechanisms":[132],"VPNs,":[134],"IPsec,":[135],"MACsec).":[137],"We":[138],"evaluate":[139],"these":[140],"technologies":[141],"terms":[143],"security,":[145],"performance,":[146],"deployability":[148],"legacy":[150],"heterogeneous":[152],"systems":[153],"that":[154,222],"include":[155],"renewable":[156],"energy":[157],"resources.":[158],"Key":[159],"implementation":[160],"challenges":[161],"explored,":[163],"including":[164],"real-time":[165],"operational":[166],"constraints,":[167],"cryptographic":[168],"key":[169],"management,":[170],"interoperability":[171],"across":[172],"platforms,":[173],"alignment":[175],"NERC":[177],"CIP,":[178],"62351,":[180],"62443.":[183],"The":[184],"highlights":[186],"emerging":[187],"trends":[188],"lightweight":[191],"Transport":[192],"Layer":[193],"Security":[194],"(TLS)":[195],"constrained":[197],"devices,":[198],"post-quantum":[199],"cryptography,":[200],"Zero":[202],"Trust":[203],"architectures.":[204],"Our":[205],"goal":[206],"is":[207],"provide":[209],"practical":[211],"resource":[212],"building":[214],"resilient":[215],"security":[218],"frameworks,":[219],"takeaways":[221],"generalize":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-01-05T00:00:00"}