{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7114902831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5040111","title":"Quantifying Privacy Risk of Mobile Apps as Textual Entailment Using Language Models","display_name":"Quantifying Privacy Risk of Mobile Apps as Textual Entailment Using Language Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7114902831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5040111"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5040111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5040111","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/4/111/pdf?version=1765551339","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/4/111/pdf?version=1765551339","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chris Y. T. Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1845-7597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47605537","display_name":"Hang Seng University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/04fa64g55","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47605537"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chris Y. T. Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Computer Science, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1845-7597","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Computer Science, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47605537","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47605537","https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47881912,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"111","last_page":"111"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9739999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9739999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/textual-entailment","display_name":"Textual entailment","score":0.5493000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personally-identifiable-information","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","score":0.48179998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permission","display_name":"Permission","score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-consequence","display_name":"Logical consequence","score":0.45159998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-apps","display_name":"Mobile apps","score":0.4196000099182129}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8334000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95318506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6588467","display_name":"Textual entailment","level":3,"score":0.5493000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169093310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","level":2,"score":0.48179998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779089604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169333","display_name":"Permission","level":2,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134752490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374182","display_name":"Logical consequence","level":2,"score":0.45159998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988145974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620615","display_name":"Mobile apps","level":2,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.36390000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020250448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620615","display_name":"Smartphone application","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5040111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5040111","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/4/111/pdf?version=1765551339","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7d7e7469afa54f2d984800f58b577ef0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7d7e7469afa54f2d984800f58b577ef0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, Vol 5, Iss 4, p 111 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5040111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5040111","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/4/111/pdf?version=1765551339","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.629521369934082,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7114902831.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7114902831.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"phones":[1,45,60],"have":[2],"become":[3],"an":[4],"integral":[5],"part":[6],"of":[7,88,117,131],"our":[8,31,35,43,69,80],"lives":[9],"in":[10,57,120],"modern":[11],"society,":[12],"as":[13],"we":[14,38,78],"carry":[15],"and":[16,29,46,61,67,73],"use":[17,54],"them":[18],"throughout":[19],"a":[20],"day.":[21],"However,":[22],"this":[23,76],"\u201cbody":[24],"part\u201d":[25],"may":[26],"maliciously":[27],"collect":[28],"leak":[30],"personal":[32,70],"information":[33],"without":[34],"knowledge.":[36],"When":[37],"install":[39],"mobile":[40,89],"applications":[41,90],"on":[42,83,99],"smart":[44,59],"grant":[47],"their":[48],"permission":[49],"requests,":[50],"these":[51],"apps":[52],"can":[53],"sensors":[55],"embedded":[56],"the":[58,62,85,121,129,132],"stored":[63],"data":[64],"to":[65],"gather":[66],"infer":[68],"information,":[71],"preferences,":[72],"habits.":[74],"In":[75],"paper,":[77],"present":[79],"preliminary":[81],"results":[82],"quantifying":[84],"privacy":[86],"risk":[87],"by":[91,106],"assessing":[92],"whether":[93],"requested":[94],"permissions":[95],"are":[96],"necessary":[97],"based":[98],"app":[100],"descriptions":[101],"through":[102],"textual":[103],"entailment":[104],"decided":[105],"language":[107,125],"models":[108],"(LMs).":[109],"We":[110],"observe":[111],"that":[112],"despite":[113],"incorporating":[114],"various":[115],"improvements":[116],"LMs":[118],"proposed":[119],"literature":[122],"for":[123],"natural":[124],"processing":[126],"(NLP)":[127],"tasks,":[128],"performance":[130],"trained":[133],"model":[134],"remains":[135],"far":[136],"from":[137],"ideal.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-23T07:36:19.812096","created_date":"2025-12-12T00:00:00"}
