{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415823559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5040093","title":"Perceiving Digital Threats and Artificial Intelligence: A Psychometric Approach to Cyber Risk","display_name":"Perceiving Digital Threats and Artificial Intelligence: A Psychometric Approach to Cyber Risk","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415823559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5040093"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5040093","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5040093","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/4/93/pdf?version=1762158857","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/4/93/pdf?version=1762158857","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051659688","display_name":"Diana Carbone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3640-4499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","display_name":"University of Trieste","ror":"https://ror.org/02n742c10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diana Carbone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34124 Trieste, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3640-4499","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34124 Trieste, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004542141","display_name":"Francesco Marcatto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0675-0876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","display_name":"University of Trieste","ror":"https://ror.org/02n742c10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Marcatto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34124 Trieste, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0675-0876","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34124 Trieste, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120236456","display_name":"Francesca Mistichelli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","display_name":"University of Trieste","ror":"https://ror.org/02n742c10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091047","display_name":"Milano Metropoli Development Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/00c68pc60","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091047"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Mistichelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34124 Trieste, Italy","Laus Informatica srl, Sesto San Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34124 Trieste, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laus Informatica srl, Sesto San Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001156455","display_name":"Donatella Ferrante","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4304-5087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","display_name":"University of Trieste","ror":"https://ror.org/02n742c10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donatella Ferrante","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34124 Trieste, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4304-5087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34124 Trieste, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004542141"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":1.738,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.896668,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"93","last_page":"93"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.07829999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.07829999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11573","display_name":"Risk Perception and Management","score":0.07649999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13585","display_name":"Technostress in Professional Settings","score":0.06930000334978104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-perception","display_name":"Risk perception","score":0.6294000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimism","display_name":"Optimism","score":0.6284000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.6008999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hazard","display_name":"Hazard","score":0.4893999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safer","display_name":"SAFER","score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimism-bias","display_name":"Optimism bias","score":0.41359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salience","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectancy-theory","display_name":"Expectancy theory","score":0.4066999852657318}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163355716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154783","display_name":"Risk perception","level":3,"score":0.6294000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204017024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485446","display_name":"Optimism","level":2,"score":0.6284000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6008999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.5315999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.4893999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.44589999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776294082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098963","display_name":"Optimism bias","level":3,"score":0.41359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108154423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469792","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","level":2,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188353592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450586","display_name":"Expectancy theory","level":2,"score":0.4066999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.2581000030040741}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5040093","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5040093","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/4/93/pdf?version=1762158857","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arts.units.it:11368/3119758","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/4/93","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400480","display_name":"ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","host_organization_name":"University of Trieste","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:20d6d6a2568645d49192be70058142ab","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/20d6d6a2568645d49192be70058142ab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, Vol 5, Iss 4, p 93 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5040093","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5040093","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/4/93/pdf?version=1762158857","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415823559.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415823559.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1950669244","https://openalex.org/W1964088509","https://openalex.org/W1969937058","https://openalex.org/W1990857471","https://openalex.org/W1997949135","https://openalex.org/W2028499407","https://openalex.org/W2032012497","https://openalex.org/W2034167464","https://openalex.org/W2038889476","https://openalex.org/W2072500831","https://openalex.org/W2079037403","https://openalex.org/W2091069417","https://openalex.org/W2138502710","https://openalex.org/W2139072733","https://openalex.org/W2145046219","https://openalex.org/W2618836391","https://openalex.org/W2735060578","https://openalex.org/W2762618237","https://openalex.org/W2806490495","https://openalex.org/W2997258927","https://openalex.org/W3118964196","https://openalex.org/W3119838322","https://openalex.org/W3122318885","https://openalex.org/W3132009350","https://openalex.org/W3211086123","https://openalex.org/W4312223769","https://openalex.org/W4321496712","https://openalex.org/W4324093415","https://openalex.org/W4378195136","https://openalex.org/W4386037293","https://openalex.org/W4387540157","https://openalex.org/W4392740178","https://openalex.org/W4395483284","https://openalex.org/W4405702452","https://openalex.org/W4406858423","https://openalex.org/W4411382194","https://openalex.org/W4413179559","https://openalex.org/W4413887449"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,122],"rapid":[1],"digitalization":[2],"of":[3,13,35,67,74,116,130,164],"work":[4],"and":[5,22,50,81,90,94,101,118,134,145,168,173],"daily":[6],"life":[7],"has":[8],"introduced":[9],"a":[10,72],"wide":[11],"range":[12],"online":[14,185],"threats,":[15],"from":[16],"common":[17],"hazards":[18],"such":[19],"as":[20,141],"malware":[21],"phishing":[23],"to":[24,182],"emerging":[25],"challenges":[26],"posed":[27],"by":[28],"artificial":[29],"intelligence":[30],"(AI).":[31],"While":[32],"technical":[33],"aspects":[34],"cybersecurity":[36,97],"have":[37],"received":[38],"extensive":[39],"attention,":[40],"less":[41],"is":[42],"known":[43],"about":[44],"how":[45,51],"individuals":[46],"perceive":[47],"digital":[48,69,156,165],"risks":[49],"these":[52],"perceptions":[53],"shape":[54],"protective":[55],"behaviors.":[56],"Building":[57],"on":[58,88,113],"the":[59,65,142,162],"psychometric":[60],"paradigm,":[61],"this":[62],"study":[63],"investigated":[64],"perception":[66,167],"seven":[68],"threats":[70],"among":[71],"sample":[73],"300":[75],"Italian":[76],"workers":[77],"employed":[78],"in":[79,127,154],"IT":[80],"non-IT":[82],"sectors.":[83],"Participants":[84],"rated":[85],"each":[86],"hazard":[87,148],"dread":[89,117],"unknown":[91,119],"risk":[92,120,157,166],"dimensions":[93],"reported":[95,128],"their":[96],"expertise.":[98],"Optimism":[99],"bias":[100],"proactive":[102,135],"awareness":[103],"were":[104],"also":[105,125],"detected.":[106],"Cluster":[107],"analyses":[108],"revealed":[109],"four":[110,123],"profiles":[111,124],"based":[112],"different":[114],"levels":[115,129],"ratings.":[121],"differed":[126],"expertise,":[131],"optimism":[132],"bias,":[133],"awareness.":[136],"Notably,":[137],"AI":[138],"was":[139],"perceived":[140],"least":[143],"familiar":[144],"most":[146],"uncertain":[147],"across":[149],"groups,":[150],"underscoring":[151],"its":[152],"salience":[153],"shaping":[155],"perceptions.":[158],"These":[159],"findings":[160],"highlight":[161],"heterogeneity":[163],"suggest":[169],"that":[170],"tailored":[171],"communication":[172],"training":[174],"strategies,":[175],"rather":[176],"than":[177],"one-size-fits-all":[178],"approaches,":[179],"are":[180],"essential":[181],"fostering":[183],"safer":[184],"practices.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00"}
