{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414283499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030076","title":"Cyber Attacks on Space Information Networks: Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Countermeasures for Satellite Security","display_name":"Cyber Attacks on Space Information Networks: Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Countermeasures for Satellite Security","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414283499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/76/pdf?version=1758111098","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/76/pdf?version=1758111098","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108684880","display_name":"Afsana Sharmin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141649380","display_name":"Western Michigan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j198w64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141649380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Afsana Sharmin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7804-6337","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141649380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069646952","display_name":"Bahar Uddin Mahmud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9275-4170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141649380","display_name":"Western Michigan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j198w64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141649380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bahar Uddin Mahmud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141649380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093994115","display_name":"Norun Nabi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norun Nabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Washington University of Science and Technology (WUST), Alexandria, VA 22314, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5787-0380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Washington University of Science and Technology (WUST), Alexandria, VA 22314, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026510671","display_name":"Mujiba Shaima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9129-0716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159098566","display_name":"Monroe University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sz42a76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159098566"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mujiba Shaima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Monroe University, Bronx, NY 10468, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Monroe University, Bronx, NY 10468, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159098566"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007582133","display_name":"Md Jobair Hossain Faruk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6316-5334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104314","display_name":"New York Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01bghzb51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104314"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Jobair Hossain Faruk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, New York Institute of Technology, Broadway, NY 10023, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6316-5334","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, New York Institute of Technology, Broadway, NY 10023, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104314"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007582133","https://openalex.org/A5108684880"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141649380","https://openalex.org/I4210104314"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":19.5862,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99014655,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"76","last_page":"76"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11701","display_name":"Space Satellite Systems and Control","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9409999847412109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.5733000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4869000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/countermeasure","display_name":"Countermeasure","score":0.39660000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transponder","display_name":"Transponder (aeronautics)","score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-threats","display_name":"Cyber threats","score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion","display_name":"Intrusion","score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.358599990606308}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7285000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.5733000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5029000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4869000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21593369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032176","display_name":"Countermeasure","level":2,"score":0.39660000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117920542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332920","display_name":"Transponder (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018725008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber threats","level":2,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781251061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416089","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","level":3,"score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528167355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258307","display_name":"National security","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77304879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211485","display_name":"Space technology","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909575446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204606","display_name":"Cyber Space","level":3,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191267431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911932","display_name":"Honeypot","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/76/pdf?version=1758111098","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:88765a9935504a6c876b79efef8f0525","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/88765a9935504a6c876b79efef8f0525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, Vol 5, Iss 3, p 76 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/76/pdf?version=1758111098","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414283499.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414283499.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2318912343","https://openalex.org/W2621640864","https://openalex.org/W2896475565","https://openalex.org/W2967142103","https://openalex.org/W3082829789","https://openalex.org/W3107566242","https://openalex.org/W3118428022","https://openalex.org/W3174724308","https://openalex.org/W3195037745","https://openalex.org/W3212931265","https://openalex.org/W4212803588","https://openalex.org/W4225274268","https://openalex.org/W4285282745","https://openalex.org/W4285396421","https://openalex.org/W4289597961","https://openalex.org/W4308092583","https://openalex.org/W4317434086","https://openalex.org/W4361798738","https://openalex.org/W4379032263","https://openalex.org/W4385517044","https://openalex.org/W4385730920","https://openalex.org/W4385894332","https://openalex.org/W4386111770","https://openalex.org/W4386422124","https://openalex.org/W4389232897","https://openalex.org/W4391302954","https://openalex.org/W4391805027","https://openalex.org/W4396552442","https://openalex.org/W4396853348","https://openalex.org/W4396908011","https://openalex.org/W4399291684","https://openalex.org/W4400365259","https://openalex.org/W4400536671","https://openalex.org/W4401514692","https://openalex.org/W4402980812","https://openalex.org/W4403605332","https://openalex.org/W4404645681","https://openalex.org/W4408124769","https://openalex.org/W4408353189","https://openalex.org/W4408750192","https://openalex.org/W4408933801","https://openalex.org/W4411179681","https://openalex.org/W4411207773"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"reliance":[2],"on":[3,97],"satellite-based":[4],"infrastructures":[5],"for":[6,119],"communication,":[7],"navigation,":[8],"defense,":[9],"and":[10,37,58,72,86,110,122,140],"environmental":[11],"monitoring":[12],"has":[13],"magnified":[14],"the":[15,33,116,128,146],"urgency":[16],"of":[17,32,48,54,93,131,148],"securing":[18],"Space":[19],"Information":[20],"Networks":[21],"(SINs)":[22],"against":[23,150],"cyber":[24,68,152],"threats.":[25],"This":[26,65,113],"paper":[27,66],"presents":[28],"a":[29],"comprehensive":[30],"review":[31],"vulnerabilities,":[34,43],"threat":[35],"vectors,":[36],"advanced":[38],"countermeasures":[39,94],"impacting":[40],"SINs.":[41],"Key":[42],"including":[44],"system":[45],"complexity,":[46],"use":[47],"Commercial":[49],"Off-the-Shelf":[50],"(COTS)":[51],"components,":[52],"lack":[53],"standardized":[55],"security":[56,124],"frameworks,":[57],"emerging":[59],"quantum":[60],"threats,":[61],"are":[62],"critically":[63],"analyzed.":[64],"classifies":[67],"threats":[69,153],"into":[70],"active":[71],"passive":[73],"categories,":[74],"highlighting":[75],"real-world":[76],"case":[77],"studies":[78],"such":[79],"as":[80],"Denial-of-Service":[81],"attacks,":[82],"message":[83],"modification,":[84],"eavesdropping,":[85],"satellite":[87],"transponder":[88],"hijacking.":[89],"A":[90],"detailed":[91],"survey":[92],"follows,":[95],"focusing":[96],"AI-driven":[98],"intrusion":[99],"detection,":[100],"federated":[101],"learning":[102,105],"approaches,":[103],"deep":[104],"techniques,":[106],"random":[107],"routing":[108],"algorithms,":[109],"quantum-resistant":[111],"encryption.":[112],"study":[114],"emphasizes":[115],"pressing":[117],"need":[118],"integrated,":[120],"resilient,":[121],"proactive":[123],"architectures":[125],"tailored":[126],"to":[127,144],"unique":[129],"constraints":[130],"space":[132,158],"systems.":[133],"It":[134],"concludes":[135],"by":[136],"identifying":[137],"research":[138],"gaps":[139],"recommending":[141],"future":[142],"directions":[143],"enhance":[145],"resilience":[147],"SINs":[149],"evolving":[151],"in":[154],"an":[155],"increasingly":[156],"contested":[157],"environment.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}