{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414297419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030074","title":"Evaluating Homomorphic Encryption Schemes for Privacy and Security in Healthcare Data Management","display_name":"Evaluating Homomorphic Encryption Schemes for Privacy and Security in Healthcare Data Management","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414297419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030074"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030074","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/74/pdf?version=1758089092","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/74/pdf?version=1758089092","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017011310","display_name":"Henrique Jorge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56125125","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viseu","ror":"https://ror.org/0235kxk33","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrique Jorge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Polytechnic of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Polytechnic of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032857279","display_name":"Cristina Wanzeller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8921-4747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56125125","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viseu","ror":"https://ror.org/0235kxk33","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristina Wanzeller","raw_affiliation_strings":["CISeD\u2014Research Centre in Digital Services, Polytechnic of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal","Department of Informatics, Polytechnic of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8921-4747","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISeD\u2014Research Centre in Digital Services, Polytechnic of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Polytechnic of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014975779","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Henriques","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7380-9511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56125125","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viseu","ror":"https://ror.org/0235kxk33","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Henriques","raw_affiliation_strings":["CISeD\u2014Research Centre in Digital Services, Polytechnic of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal","Department of Informatics, Polytechnic of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7380-9511","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISeD\u2014Research Centre in Digital Services, Polytechnic of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Polytechnic of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014975779"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"fwci":4.1552,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94439189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"74","last_page":"74"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8981000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6425999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6029000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5608000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4943000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-security","display_name":"Data security","score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-primitive","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","score":0.3287000060081482}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8981000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6948000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6425999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6029000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5608000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5508000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4943000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18396474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465888","display_name":"Secure multi-party computation","level":3,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988170871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11000047","display_name":"Healthcare system","level":3,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166501710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5132476","display_name":"Client-side encryption","level":4,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1668388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149776","display_name":"Data management","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132161212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891458","display_name":"Homomorphic secret sharing","level":4,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030074","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/74/pdf?version=1758089092","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:272e34364ba443be89cb2db4bc70ce48","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/272e34364ba443be89cb2db4bc70ce48","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, Vol 5, Iss 3, p 74 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030074","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/74/pdf?version=1758089092","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414297419.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414297419.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521721131","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2405601665","https://openalex.org/W2497293517","https://openalex.org/W2527617455","https://openalex.org/W2773773675","https://openalex.org/W2794825826","https://openalex.org/W2795187181","https://openalex.org/W2885113919","https://openalex.org/W2885339274","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W2946102439","https://openalex.org/W2969807732","https://openalex.org/W2979557494","https://openalex.org/W3102785203","https://openalex.org/W3132330025","https://openalex.org/W3195757706","https://openalex.org/W3206144059","https://openalex.org/W4224245284","https://openalex.org/W4225377307","https://openalex.org/W4225468027","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4251449056","https://openalex.org/W4285196740","https://openalex.org/W4302734258","https://openalex.org/W4308515720","https://openalex.org/W4312722125","https://openalex.org/W4380607213","https://openalex.org/W4385421722","https://openalex.org/W4386328210","https://openalex.org/W4388820299","https://openalex.org/W4390660175","https://openalex.org/W4396952465","https://openalex.org/W4396982461","https://openalex.org/W4400315183","https://openalex.org/W4400337301","https://openalex.org/W4400491231","https://openalex.org/W4401387794","https://openalex.org/W4401387943","https://openalex.org/W4402519996","https://openalex.org/W4403061317","https://openalex.org/W4405490336","https://openalex.org/W4406458461","https://openalex.org/W4406679087","https://openalex.org/W4406833542","https://openalex.org/W4408520943","https://openalex.org/W4409103064","https://openalex.org/W4412976761"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ensuring":[0],"data":[1],"privacy":[2],"and":[3,59,74,112],"security":[4],"in":[5],"sensitive":[6],"domains":[7],"such":[8],"as":[9],"healthcare":[10,79,118],"remains":[11],"a":[12,19,44,64,78],"critical":[13],"challenge.":[14],"Homomorphic":[15],"Encryption":[16],"(HE)":[17],"offers":[18],"promising":[20],"approach":[21],"by":[22,102],"enabling":[23],"computations":[24],"directly":[25],"on":[26],"encrypted":[27],"data,":[28],"but":[29],"the":[30,82,103,106,116],"diversity":[31],"of":[32,47,95,105,115],"available":[33],"schemes":[34],"requires":[35],"careful":[36],"evaluation":[37],"before":[38],"practical":[39],"adoption.":[40],"This":[41],"work":[42],"conducts":[43],"comparative":[45,83],"study":[46],"six":[48],"representative":[49],"HE":[50,97],"schemes:":[51],"BGV,":[52],"TFHE,":[53],"Paillier,":[54],"RSA":[55],"without":[56],"padding,":[57],"BFV,":[58],"CKKS.":[60],"It":[61],"is":[62,90],"adopted":[63],"five-step":[65],"strategy,":[66],"encompassing":[67],"preprocessing,":[68],"cryptographic":[69],"setup,":[70],"encryption,":[71],"homomorphic":[72],"execution,":[73],"decryption,":[75],"applied":[76],"to":[77],"dataset.":[80],"Overall,":[81],"analysis":[84],"underscores":[85],"that":[86],"no":[87],"single":[88],"scheme":[89,98],"universally":[91],"optimal.":[92],"The":[93],"choice":[94],"an":[96],"must":[99],"be":[100],"guided":[101],"nature":[104],"required":[107],"operations,":[108],"acceptable":[109],"precision":[110],"levels,":[111],"computational":[113],"constraints":[114],"target":[117],"scenario.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}