{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412954633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030054","title":"Frame-Wise Steganalysis Based on Mask-Gating Attention and Deep Residual Bilinear Interaction Mechanisms for Low-Bit-Rate Speech Streams","display_name":"Frame-Wise Steganalysis Based on Mask-Gating Attention and Deep Residual Bilinear Interaction Mechanisms for Low-Bit-Rate Speech Streams","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412954633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030054"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030054","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/54/pdf?version=1754303751","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/54/pdf?version=1754303751","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021269003","display_name":"Congcong Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7423-9132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Congcong Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Technology and Network, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7423-9132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Technology and Network, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029122226","display_name":"Azizol Abdullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8321-9259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azizol Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Technology and Network, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8321-9259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Technology and Network, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086622661","display_name":"Normalia Samian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0905-8140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Normalia Samian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Technology and Network, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0905-8140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Technology and Network, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046599265","display_name":"Nuur Alifah Roslan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0534-1915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuur Alifah Roslan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Multimedia, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Multimedia, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021269003"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":0.4541,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6203588,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"54","last_page":"54"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.716670036315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6008287072181702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilinear-interpolation","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","score":0.5956069231033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5201535820960999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5186775922775269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/streams","display_name":"STREAMS","score":0.5133134722709656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganalysis","display_name":"Steganalysis","score":0.47142714262008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gating","display_name":"Gating","score":0.42511385679244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3565586805343628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32271838188171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2791239023208618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.24943512678146362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.18407827615737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.14006629586219788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12380200624465942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08178877830505371}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.716670036315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6008287072181702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205203396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612143","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","level":2,"score":0.5956069231033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5201535820960999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5186775922775269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42090638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4048907","display_name":"STREAMS","level":2,"score":0.5133134722709656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107368093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448176","display_name":"Steganalysis","level":4,"score":0.47142714262008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194544171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21105679","display_name":"Gating","level":2,"score":0.42511385679244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3565586805343628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32271838188171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2791239023208618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.24943512678146362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.18407827615737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.14006629586219788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12380200624465942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08178877830505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030054","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/54/pdf?version=1754303751","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:psasir.upm.edu.my:121723","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121723/1/121723.pdf","pdf_url":"http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121723/1/121723.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196260","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","host_organization_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:acc993d3962d4162bdb36b25327e83ac","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/acc993d3962d4162bdb36b25327e83ac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, Vol 5, Iss 3, p 54 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030054","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/54/pdf?version=1754303751","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412954633.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412954633.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W569398146","https://openalex.org/W947140380","https://openalex.org/W1995716398","https://openalex.org/W1996609181","https://openalex.org/W2014665206","https://openalex.org/W2026170051","https://openalex.org/W2081326826","https://openalex.org/W2107465879","https://openalex.org/W2110507872","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2557199391","https://openalex.org/W2594649210","https://openalex.org/W2747190806","https://openalex.org/W2789773147","https://openalex.org/W2793768763","https://openalex.org/W2811498942","https://openalex.org/W2946044191","https://openalex.org/W2963323306","https://openalex.org/W2998457557","https://openalex.org/W3010985007","https://openalex.org/W3013698467","https://openalex.org/W3015786698","https://openalex.org/W3083348493","https://openalex.org/W3084293019","https://openalex.org/W3095359447","https://openalex.org/W3104030692","https://openalex.org/W3104789011","https://openalex.org/W3159015621","https://openalex.org/W3173260445","https://openalex.org/W3217652949","https://openalex.org/W4220812509","https://openalex.org/W4285107948","https://openalex.org/W4296044650","https://openalex.org/W4308540852","https://openalex.org/W4362553511","https://openalex.org/W4385975052","https://openalex.org/W4392520145","https://openalex.org/W4399168687","https://openalex.org/W4404171577","https://openalex.org/W4406012089","https://openalex.org/W6809901620"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043480362","https://openalex.org/W2132040196","https://openalex.org/W4318664210","https://openalex.org/W2891791183","https://openalex.org/W2792878404","https://openalex.org/W2912595597","https://openalex.org/W149479374","https://openalex.org/W2902620118","https://openalex.org/W2917657850","https://openalex.org/W2047000895"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Frame-wise":[0],"steganalysis":[1,25,33,38,48,138],"is":[2,17,83,130,150,164],"a":[3,46,95,104],"crucial":[4],"task":[5],"in":[6,41,94],"low-bit-rate":[7],"speech":[8],"streams":[9],"that":[10,124,133],"can":[11],"achieve":[12],"active":[13],"defense.":[14],"However,":[15],"there":[16],"no":[18],"common":[19],"theory":[20],"on":[21,51,140,152],"how":[22],"to":[23,68,85,109],"extract":[24,36],"features":[26,114],"for":[27],"frame-wise":[28,32,47,137],"steganalysis.":[29],"Moreover,":[30],"existing":[31],"methods":[34],"cannot":[35],"fine-grained":[37,96],"features.":[39,119],"Therefore,":[40],"this":[42,61],"paper,":[43],"we":[44],"propose":[45],"method":[49,129,139,149,163],"based":[50],"mask-gating":[52,65],"attention":[53,66],"and":[54],"bilinear":[55,78],"codeword":[56,79,90,112],"feature":[57,80,91],"interaction":[58,81,92,113,118],"mechanisms.":[59],"First,":[60],"paper":[62],"utilizes":[63],"the":[64,71,74,77,125,135,157,161],"mechanism":[67,82],"dynamically":[69],"learn":[70],"importance":[72],"of":[73,127,134,147,160],"codewords.":[75],"Second,":[76],"used":[84],"capture":[86,110],"an":[87],"informative":[88],"second-order":[89],"pattern":[93],"way.":[97],"Finally,":[98],"multiple":[99],"fully":[100],"connected":[101],"layers":[102],"with":[103],"residual":[105],"structure":[106],"are":[107],"utilized":[108],"higher-order":[111],"while":[115],"preserving":[116],"lower-order":[117],"The":[120,144],"experimental":[121],"results":[122],"show":[123],"performance":[126],"our":[128,148],"better":[131],"than":[132],"state-of-the-art":[136,162],"large":[141],"steganography":[142],"datasets.":[143],"detection":[145,158],"accuracy":[146,159],"74.46%":[151],"1000K":[153],"testing":[154],"samples,":[155],"whereas":[156],"72.32%.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-23T07:36:19.812096","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
