{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412898850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030050","title":"Is Blockchain the Future of AI Alignment? Developing a Framework and a Research Agenda Based on a Systematic Literature Review","display_name":"Is Blockchain the Future of AI Alignment? Developing a Framework and a Research Agenda Based on a Systematic Literature Review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412898850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/50/pdf?version=1753784409","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/50/pdf?version=1753784409","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023307178","display_name":"Alexander Neulinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7967-2843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102248843","display_name":"Vienna University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/03yn8s215","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Neulinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute for Cryptoeconomics, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Geb\u00e4ude AR, 6.OG, Perspektivstra\u00dfe 4, 1020 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7967-2843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Cryptoeconomics, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Geb\u00e4ude AR, 6.OG, Perspektivstra\u00dfe 4, 1020 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115995595","display_name":"Lukas Sparer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102248843","display_name":"Vienna University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/03yn8s215","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Sparer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute for Cryptoeconomics, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Geb\u00e4ude AR, 6.OG, Perspektivstra\u00dfe 4, 1020 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4781-4470","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Cryptoeconomics, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Geb\u00e4ude AR, 6.OG, Perspektivstra\u00dfe 4, 1020 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059294677","display_name":"Maryam Roshanaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4246-3479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Roshanaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology, Cybersecurity Analytics and Operations, Penn State Abington, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4246-3479","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology, Cybersecurity Analytics and Operations, Penn State Abington, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005879416","display_name":"Dragutin Ostoji\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6704-353X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14245010","display_name":"University of Kragujevac","ror":"https://ror.org/04f7vj627","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14245010"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dragutin Ostoji\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kraljevo, Serbia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6704-353X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kraljevo, Serbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14245010"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116022795","display_name":"Jainil Kakka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jainil Kakka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, Penn State Great Valley, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7787-2441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, Penn State Great Valley, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084402864","display_name":"Du\u0161an Ramljak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-1973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Du\u0161an Ramljak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, Penn State Great Valley, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-1973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, Penn State Great Valley, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084402864"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"fwci":4.1351,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94316048,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"50","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9652000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9277999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8837675452232361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.4551122784614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.43402668833732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.37232667207717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.36600619554519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34167665243148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.18108025193214417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17792677879333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.120454341173172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.07313552498817444}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8837675452232361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.4551122784614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.43402668833732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.37232667207717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.36600619554519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34167665243148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.18108025193214417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17792677879333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.120454341173172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.07313552498817444}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/50/pdf?version=1753784409","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2baba84175b54434948ced4a103db990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2baba84175b54434948ced4a103db990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, Vol 5, Iss 3, p 50 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/50/pdf?version=1753784409","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309370","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310419","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327593","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Digitalisierung und Wirtschaftsstandort","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412898850.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412898850.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2510547309","https://openalex.org/W2788138100","https://openalex.org/W2903202456","https://openalex.org/W2910794191","https://openalex.org/W2916008479","https://openalex.org/W2940855133","https://openalex.org/W2954000063","https://openalex.org/W2956360557","https://openalex.org/W2967671573","https://openalex.org/W2969493316","https://openalex.org/W2969625533","https://openalex.org/W2976318236","https://openalex.org/W2990515622","https://openalex.org/W3009290461","https://openalex.org/W3016109527","https://openalex.org/W3035976252","https://openalex.org/W3036874887","https://openalex.org/W3050535409","https://openalex.org/W3096062420","https://openalex.org/W3099245261","https://openalex.org/W3106808961","https://openalex.org/W3112315885","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3123893780","https://openalex.org/W3124502736","https://openalex.org/W3164066854","https://openalex.org/W3179042565","https://openalex.org/W3182934187","https://openalex.org/W3185716662","https://openalex.org/W3194398581","https://openalex.org/W3199110531","https://openalex.org/W3199717448","https://openalex.org/W3200259039","https://openalex.org/W4200432199","https://openalex.org/W4205247664","https://openalex.org/W4210323413","https://openalex.org/W4210530767","https://openalex.org/W4224307573","https://openalex.org/W4231510805","https://openalex.org/W4285037312","https://openalex.org/W4285193346","https://openalex.org/W4295036615","https://openalex.org/W4295138545","https://openalex.org/W4310248850","https://openalex.org/W4312921627","https://openalex.org/W4313825060","https://openalex.org/W4318046805","https://openalex.org/W4322096406","https://openalex.org/W4324135233","https://openalex.org/W4362581117","https://openalex.org/W4376256941","https://openalex.org/W4381846282","https://openalex.org/W4382050320","https://openalex.org/W4385876814","https://openalex.org/W4387089129","https://openalex.org/W4387741252","https://openalex.org/W4388486250","https://openalex.org/W4389197696","https://openalex.org/W4389543496","https://openalex.org/W4390058749","https://openalex.org/W4390425234","https://openalex.org/W4390493602","https://openalex.org/W4392438578","https://openalex.org/W4393038376","https://openalex.org/W4393259471","https://openalex.org/W4394823894","https://openalex.org/W4400378670","https://openalex.org/W4401590787","https://openalex.org/W6639619044","https://openalex.org/W6766973208","https://openalex.org/W6767045735","https://openalex.org/W6785002059","https://openalex.org/W6785678101","https://openalex.org/W6843079810","https://openalex.org/W6858808429","https://openalex.org/W6871407319","https://openalex.org/W7018260135","https://openalex.org/W7057172950"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"agents":[3],"are":[4,33],"increasingly":[5],"shaping":[6],"vital":[7],"sectors":[8],"of":[9,78,101,116,136,193,202,214,220,243,251,254,268,278,293,297,309,312],"society,":[10],"including":[11],"healthcare,":[12],"education,":[13],"supply":[14],"chains,":[15],"and":[16,36,83,104,120,150,175,185,207,232,239,262,272,276,282,306,340],"finance.":[17],"As":[18],"their":[19,203],"influence":[20],"grows,":[21],"AI":[22,60,68,87,96,102,105,117,138,269,288,320,331,345],"alignment":[23,69,97,139,289,321,332],"research":[24,173,304],"plays":[25],"a":[26,188,211,298],"pivotal":[27],"role":[28],"in":[29,49,80,86,95,153,210,284,323,344],"ensuring":[30],"these":[31],"systems":[32],"trustworthy,":[34],"transparent,":[35,51],"aligned":[37],"with":[38,314,330],"human":[39],"values.":[40],"Leveraging":[41],"blockchain":[42,79,130,286,329],"technology,":[43],"proven":[44],"over":[45],"the":[46,66,76,111,114,134,154,179,194,200,218,247,252,266,279,291,310],"past":[47],"decade":[48],"enabling":[50],"tamper-resistant":[52],"distributed":[53],"systems,":[54],"offers":[55],"significant":[56],"potential":[57],"to":[58,73,187,235,258],"strengthen":[59],"alignment.":[61],"However,":[62],"despite":[63],"its":[64],"potential,":[65],"current":[67],"literature":[70,92],"has":[71],"yet":[72],"systematically":[74],"explore":[75],"effectiveness":[77],"facilitating":[81],"secure":[82],"ethical":[84,342],"behavior":[85],"agents.":[88],"While":[89],"existing":[90,137,280],"systematic":[91],"reviews":[93],"(SLRs)":[94],"address":[98,123],"various":[99],"aspects":[100],"safety":[103],"alignment,":[106,118,270],"this":[107,124,126,244,324],"SLR":[108,127,256],"specifically":[109],"examines":[110],"gap":[112],"at":[113],"intersection":[115,181],"blockchain,":[119,149,184,271],"ethics.":[121],"To":[122],"gap,":[125],"explores":[128],"how":[129],"technology":[131],"can":[132,333],"overcome":[133],"limitations":[135],"approaches.":[140],"We":[141,165],"searched":[142],"for":[143,287],"studies":[144,167,196,264],"containing":[145],"keywords":[146],"from":[147],"AI,":[148,183],"ethics":[151,186],"domains":[152],"Scopus":[155],"database,":[156],"identifying":[157],"7110":[158],"initial":[159],"records":[160],"on":[161,199,265],"28":[162],"May":[163],"2024.":[164],"excluded":[166],"which":[168,221],"did":[169,176],"not":[170,177],"answer":[171],"our":[172],"questions":[174],"discuss":[178],"thematic":[180],"between":[182],"sufficient":[189],"extent.":[190],"The":[191,241,317],"quality":[192],"selected":[195],"was":[197],"assessed":[198],"basis":[201],"methodology,":[204],"clarity,":[205],"completeness,":[206],"transparency,":[208],"resulting":[209],"final":[212],"number":[213],"46":[215],"included":[216],"studies,":[217],"majority":[219],"were":[222,226],"journal":[223],"articles.":[224],"Results":[225],"synthesized":[227],"through":[228],"quantitative":[229],"topic":[230],"analysis":[231,234],"qualitative":[233],"identify":[236],"key":[237],"themes":[238],"patterns.":[240],"contributions":[242],"paper":[245],"include":[246],"following:":[248],"(i)":[249],"presentation":[250],"results":[253],"an":[255],"conducted":[257],"identify,":[259],"extract,":[260],"evaluate,":[261],"synthesize":[263],"symbiosis":[267],"ethics;":[273,294],"(ii)":[274],"summary":[275],"categorization":[277],"benefits":[281],"challenges":[283],"incorporating":[285],"within":[290],"context":[292],"(iii)":[295],"development":[296],"framework":[299,322],"that":[300,327],"will":[301],"facilitate":[302,341],"new":[303],"activities;":[305],"(iv)":[307],"establishment":[308],"state":[311],"evidence":[313],"in-depth":[315],"assessment.":[316],"proposed":[318],"blockchain-based":[319],"study":[325],"demonstrates":[326],"integrating":[328],"substantially":[334],"enhance":[335],"robustness,":[336],"promote":[337],"public":[338],"trust,":[339],"compliance":[343],"systems.":[346]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-08T08:33:18.762332","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
