{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412100989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030042","title":"Energy Consumption Framework and Analysis of Post-Quantum Key-Generation on Embedded Devices","display_name":"Energy Consumption Framework and Analysis of Post-Quantum Key-Generation on Embedded Devices","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412100989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030042"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/42/pdf?version=1751953827","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/42/pdf?version=1751953827","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041733898","display_name":"James Cameron Patterson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Cameron Patterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blockpass ID Lab, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8208-1565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockpass ID Lab, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068020099","display_name":"William J. Buchanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0809-3523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William J. Buchanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blockpass ID Lab, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0809-3523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockpass ID Lab, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117692976","display_name":"Callum Turino","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Callum Turino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blockpass ID Lab, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4703-1747","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockpass ID Lab, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068020099"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":4.498,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94281709,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"42","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9639999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.7248312830924988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.560193657875061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44877541065216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.43013566732406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4262726306915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumption","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","score":0.4209517240524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22457566857337952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17079275846481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16834896802902222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16730675101280212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.12896853685379028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.08513951301574707}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.7248312830924988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.560193657875061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44877541065216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.43013566732406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4262726306915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.4209517240524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22457566857337952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17079275846481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16834896802902222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16730675101280212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.12896853685379028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.08513951301574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/42/pdf?version=1751953827","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dc00237d0b244618b184858bcfdcac8e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dc00237d0b244618b184858bcfdcac8e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, Vol 5, Iss 3, p 42 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/42/pdf?version=1751953827","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412100989.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412100989.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1882591357","https://openalex.org/W2003736153","https://openalex.org/W2036378739","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2114853176","https://openalex.org/W2149158279","https://openalex.org/W2150871235","https://openalex.org/W2154550634","https://openalex.org/W2156186849","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2999209598","https://openalex.org/W3159054868","https://openalex.org/W3161857862","https://openalex.org/W4213374331","https://openalex.org/W4214485250","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4233798822","https://openalex.org/W4301737027","https://openalex.org/W4385585426","https://openalex.org/W4404102037"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140798747","https://openalex.org/W4214628662","https://openalex.org/W4297745244","https://openalex.org/W2037518538","https://openalex.org/W2156822401","https://openalex.org/W3092380670","https://openalex.org/W3125847301","https://openalex.org/W4313390786","https://openalex.org/W2089393798","https://openalex.org/W2356819012"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,21,73],"emergence":[1],"of":[2],"quantum":[3],"computing":[4],"and":[5,81],"Shor\u2019s":[6],"algorithm":[7,86],"necessitates":[8],"an":[9],"imminent":[10],"shift":[11],"from":[12],"current":[13],"public":[14],"key":[15,42,45,71],"cryptography":[16],"techniques":[17],"to":[18,35],"post-quantum-robust":[19],"techniques.":[20],"NIST":[22],"has":[23],"responded":[24],"by":[25],"standardising":[26],"Post-Quantum":[27],"Cryptography":[28],"(PQC)":[29],"algorithms,":[30],"with":[31],"ML-KEM":[32,85],"(FIPS-203)":[33],"slated":[34],"replace":[36],"ECDH":[37],"(Elliptic":[38],"Curve":[39],"Diffie-Hellman)":[40],"for":[41,48,60],"exchange.":[43],"A":[44],"practical":[46],"concern":[47],"PQC":[49,62],"adoption":[50],"is":[51],"energy":[52,63],"consumption.":[53],"This":[54],"paper":[55],"introduces":[56],"a":[57,66],"new":[58],"framework":[59,74],"measuring":[61],"consumption":[64],"on":[65],"Raspberry":[67],"Pi":[68],"when":[69],"performing":[70],"generation.":[72],"uses":[75],"both":[76],"the":[77,82,88],"available":[78],"traditional":[79],"methods":[80],"newly":[83],"standardised":[84],"via":[87],"commonly":[89],"utilised":[90],"OpenSSL":[91],"library.":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}