{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411974249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030041","title":"A Systematic Review on Hybrid AI Models Integrating Machine Learning and Federated Learning","display_name":"A Systematic Review on Hybrid AI Models Integrating Machine Learning and Federated Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411974249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030041"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030041","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/41/pdf?version=1751463052","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/41/pdf?version=1751463052","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118800355","display_name":"Jallal-Eddine Moussaoui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119856","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Sultan Moulay Slimane","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8tb249","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119856"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jallal-Eddine Moussaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["LaSTI Laboratory, ENSA Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9681-3220","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LaSTI Laboratory, ENSA Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118800356","display_name":"Mehdi Kmiti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119856","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Sultan Moulay Slimane","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8tb249","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119856"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Kmiti","raw_affiliation_strings":["LaSTI Laboratory, ENSA Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0692-4106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LaSTI Laboratory, ENSA Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062453757","display_name":"Khalid El Gholami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7539-9640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119856","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Sultan Moulay Slimane","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8tb249","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119856"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid El Gholami","raw_affiliation_strings":["LaSTI Laboratory, ENSA Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7539-9640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LaSTI Laboratory, ENSA Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014120892","display_name":"Yassine Maleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4704-5364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119856","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Sultan Moulay Slimane","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8tb249","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119856"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yassine Maleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["LaSTI Laboratory, ENSA Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4704-5364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LaSTI Laboratory, ENSA Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5118800355"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119856"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":4.8237,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95438441,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"41","last_page":"41"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6062154769897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5944002270698547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5356934070587158}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6062154769897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5944002270698547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5356934070587158}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030041","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/41/pdf?version=1751463052","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c009b693e8e841d0a9d1da403f5a9924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c009b693e8e841d0a9d1da403f5a9924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, Vol 5, Iss 3, p 41 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5030041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5030041","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/3/41/pdf?version=1751463052","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330445","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Sultan Moulay Slimane","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8tb249"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411974249.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411974249.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":123,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2150220236","https://openalex.org/W2791319131","https://openalex.org/W2803881474","https://openalex.org/W2883376827","https://openalex.org/W2903872466","https://openalex.org/W2907351452","https://openalex.org/W2917355511","https://openalex.org/W2946473846","https://openalex.org/W3013536297","https://openalex.org/W3047332055","https://openalex.org/W3049613671","https://openalex.org/W3080664025","https://openalex.org/W3093875170","https://openalex.org/W3100017393","https://openalex.org/W3108671495","https://openalex.org/W3116386889","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3128470182","https://openalex.org/W3169143252","https://openalex.org/W3173190153","https://openalex.org/W3189316782","https://openalex.org/W3191884578","https://openalex.org/W3203932036","https://openalex.org/W3205860677","https://openalex.org/W3206162503","https://openalex.org/W3209269515","https://openalex.org/W3212135426","https://openalex.org/W4200502565","https://openalex.org/W4206713037","https://openalex.org/W4210788152","https://openalex.org/W4210960727","https://openalex.org/W4213230786","https://openalex.org/W4221064655","https://openalex.org/W4224326495","https://openalex.org/W4226101686","https://openalex.org/W4281389667","https://openalex.org/W4283121551","https://openalex.org/W4283792986","https://openalex.org/W4288075785","https://openalex.org/W4293812121","https://openalex.org/W4296218597","https://openalex.org/W4318586189","https://openalex.org/W4321021745","https://openalex.org/W4323848867","https://openalex.org/W4362653493","https://openalex.org/W4380740955","https://openalex.org/W4381094942","https://openalex.org/W4385210255","https://openalex.org/W4385274673","https://openalex.org/W4385451843","https://openalex.org/W4385650327","https://openalex.org/W4386907671","https://openalex.org/W4387544256","https://openalex.org/W4387757593","https://openalex.org/W4388447424","https://openalex.org/W4389041088","https://openalex.org/W4389049443","https://openalex.org/W4389180918","https://openalex.org/W4389403359","https://openalex.org/W4390190024","https://openalex.org/W4390204156","https://openalex.org/W4390485246","https://openalex.org/W4391113937","https://openalex.org/W4391285268","https://openalex.org/W4391454513","https://openalex.org/W4391514881","https://openalex.org/W4391877034","https://openalex.org/W4393210605","https://openalex.org/W4394568838","https://openalex.org/W4394825328","https://openalex.org/W4394943241","https://openalex.org/W4395112991","https://openalex.org/W4396594852","https://openalex.org/W4396604075","https://openalex.org/W4396768380","https://openalex.org/W4396886653","https://openalex.org/W4396938916","https://openalex.org/W4399144478","https://openalex.org/W4399372403","https://openalex.org/W4399563570","https://openalex.org/W4399619833","https://openalex.org/W4399915021","https://openalex.org/W4400087718","https://openalex.org/W4400188335","https://openalex.org/W4400550393","https://openalex.org/W4401029837","https://openalex.org/W4401130716","https://openalex.org/W4401287635","https://openalex.org/W4401366983","https://openalex.org/W4401390051","https://openalex.org/W4402157422","https://openalex.org/W4402215664","https://openalex.org/W4402301350","https://openalex.org/W4402483954","https://openalex.org/W4402508536","https://openalex.org/W4402818939","https://openalex.org/W4403398597","https://openalex.org/W4403416640","https://openalex.org/W4403474838","https://openalex.org/W4403770987","https://openalex.org/W4405073808","https://openalex.org/W4405103770","https://openalex.org/W4405510393","https://openalex.org/W4405601257","https://openalex.org/W4405688496","https://openalex.org/W4405691491","https://openalex.org/W4405847305","https://openalex.org/W4405898236","https://openalex.org/W4406261545","https://openalex.org/W4406417726","https://openalex.org/W4406522857","https://openalex.org/W4406524669","https://openalex.org/W4406684180","https://openalex.org/W4407691468","https://openalex.org/W4408018300","https://openalex.org/W4410609084","https://openalex.org/W6853241646","https://openalex.org/W6871195019","https://openalex.org/W6872236370","https://openalex.org/W6872385917","https://openalex.org/W6872932125","https://openalex.org/W6875086747","https://openalex.org/W6876131305"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber":[0],"threats":[1],"are":[2],"growing":[3],"in":[4,69,110],"scale":[5],"and":[6,45,54,67,85,96,113,125],"complexity,":[7],"outpacing":[8],"the":[9,75],"capabilities":[10],"of":[11,78],"traditional":[12],"security":[13],"systems.":[14],"Machine":[15],"learning":[16,33],"(ML)":[17],"models":[18,102],"offer":[19],"enhanced":[20],"detection":[21],"accuracy":[22],"but":[23,41],"often":[24],"rely":[25],"on":[26,119],"centralized":[27],"data,":[28],"raising":[29],"privacy":[30,92],"concerns.":[31],"Federated":[32],"(FL),":[34],"by":[35],"contrast,":[36],"enables":[37],"decentralized":[38],"model":[39],"training":[40],"suffers":[42],"from":[43],"scalability":[44,68],"latency":[46],"issues.":[47],"Hybrid":[48],"AI":[49,80],"models,":[50,81],"which":[51],"integrate":[52],"ML":[53],"FL":[55],"techniques,":[56],"have":[57],"emerged":[58],"as":[59,130],"a":[60],"promising":[61],"solution":[62],"to":[63,132],"balance":[64],"performance,":[65],"privacy,":[66],"cybersecurity.":[70],"This":[71],"systematic":[72],"review":[73],"investigates":[74],"current":[76],"landscape":[77],"hybrid":[79,101],"evaluating":[82],"their":[83],"strengths":[84],"limitations":[86],"across":[87],"five":[88],"key":[89],"dimensions:":[90],"accuracy,":[91],"preservation,":[93],"scalability,":[94],"explainability,":[95,121],"robustness.":[97],"Findings":[98],"indicate":[99],"that":[100],"consistently":[103],"outperform":[104],"standalone":[105],"approaches,":[106],"yet":[107],"challenges":[108],"remain":[109],"real-time":[111],"deployment":[112],"interpretability.":[114],"Future":[115],"research":[116],"should":[117],"focus":[118],"improving":[120],"optimizing":[122],"communication":[123],"protocols,":[124],"integrating":[126],"secure":[127],"technologies":[128],"such":[129],"blockchain":[131],"enhance":[133],"real-world":[134],"applicability.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-22T07:34:49.880490","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
