{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406616500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5010004","title":"Detecting Malware C&C Communication Traffic Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques","display_name":"Detecting Malware C&C Communication Traffic Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406616500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5010004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5010004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5010004","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/1/4/pdf?version=1737201327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/1/4/pdf?version=1737201327","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015554238","display_name":"Mohamed Ali Kazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5105-3581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","display_name":"The Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Ali Kazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, School of Computing and Communications, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5105-3581","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, School of Computing and Communications, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015554238"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":3.4523,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91938998,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"4","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.6294018626213074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5579363107681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48622384667396545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2930327355861664}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.6294018626213074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5579363107681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48622384667396545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2930327355861664}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5010004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5010004","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/1/4/pdf?version=1737201327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d5c7db5db14b45bbb644a82a7d2c3d5c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d5c7db5db14b45bbb644a82a7d2c3d5c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, Vol 5, Iss 1, p 4 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp5010004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5010004","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/5/1/4/pdf?version=1737201327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406616500.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406616500.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W292488259","https://openalex.org/W1587106557","https://openalex.org/W1797580880","https://openalex.org/W1976526581","https://openalex.org/W1987851356","https://openalex.org/W1993861188","https://openalex.org/W2050513182","https://openalex.org/W2102606045","https://openalex.org/W2115529843","https://openalex.org/W2307263003","https://openalex.org/W2331488455","https://openalex.org/W2353267094","https://openalex.org/W2390777877","https://openalex.org/W2560021099","https://openalex.org/W2563236595","https://openalex.org/W2605277152","https://openalex.org/W2761623801","https://openalex.org/W2762032850","https://openalex.org/W2808451423","https://openalex.org/W2887484659","https://openalex.org/W2902427896","https://openalex.org/W2921364842","https://openalex.org/W2958285686","https://openalex.org/W3006997083","https://openalex.org/W3009207988","https://openalex.org/W3013330736","https://openalex.org/W3017977454","https://openalex.org/W3103355495","https://openalex.org/W3110876976","https://openalex.org/W3112012065","https://openalex.org/W3114316883","https://openalex.org/W3166829666","https://openalex.org/W3204707456","https://openalex.org/W3206913875","https://openalex.org/W3209735630","https://openalex.org/W3216819129","https://openalex.org/W4214745725","https://openalex.org/W4223587185","https://openalex.org/W4225863264","https://openalex.org/W4226439930","https://openalex.org/W4237130931","https://openalex.org/W4241597730","https://openalex.org/W4282006100","https://openalex.org/W4282925409","https://openalex.org/W4285006516","https://openalex.org/W4286316954","https://openalex.org/W4286434162","https://openalex.org/W4288967728","https://openalex.org/W4292968359","https://openalex.org/W4293106276","https://openalex.org/W4293218373","https://openalex.org/W4301431339","https://openalex.org/W4312562427","https://openalex.org/W4313216189","https://openalex.org/W4313245861","https://openalex.org/W4313488044","https://openalex.org/W4315697727","https://openalex.org/W4365606602","https://openalex.org/W4386558153","https://openalex.org/W4391266961","https://openalex.org/W4399853142","https://openalex.org/W4400643376","https://openalex.org/W4401495975","https://openalex.org/W6610542360","https://openalex.org/W6675246847","https://openalex.org/W6696825839","https://openalex.org/W6754167216","https://openalex.org/W6773290377","https://openalex.org/W6804101837","https://openalex.org/W6847850686"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W4284893819"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Banking":[0,27],"malware":[1,28,48,60,84,91,120,134,146,159,174,195,210],"poses":[2],"a":[3,203,241,249],"significant":[4],"threat":[5],"to":[6,15,33,78,86,117,131,154,162,177,224,246],"users":[7],"by":[8,67],"infecting":[9],"their":[10,152,199],"computers":[11],"and":[12,35,50,57,92,104,114,192,197,214],"then":[13],"attempting":[14],"perform":[16],"malicious":[17,170],"activities":[18],"such":[19,108],"as":[20,109],"surreptitiously":[21],"stealing":[22],"confidential":[23],"information":[24],"from":[25],"them.":[26],"variants":[29,52,61,94,196],"are":[30,53,115,237],"also":[31,238],"continuing":[32],"evolve":[34],"have":[36,124],"been":[37],"increasing":[38],"in":[39,81],"numbers":[40],"for":[41,207,261],"many":[42],"years.":[43],"Amongst":[44],"these,":[45],"the":[46,54,68,71,79,88,166,188,231],"banking":[47,59,90,119,145,194,209],"Zeus":[49,72,89,105,190],"its":[51],"most":[55],"prevalent":[56],"widespread":[58],"discovered.":[62],"This":[63,148,182],"prevalence":[64],"was":[65,75],"expedited":[66],"fact":[69],"that":[70,139],"source":[73],"code":[74],"inadvertently":[76],"released":[77],"public":[80],"2004,":[82],"allowing":[83],"developers":[85],"reproduce":[87],"develop":[93],"of":[95,99,169,187,264],"this":[96,163,215,262],"malware.":[97],"Examples":[98],"these":[100],"include":[101],"Ramnit,":[102],"Citadel,":[103],"Panda.":[106],"Tools":[107],"anti-malware":[110,180],"programs":[111],"do":[112],"exist":[113],"able":[116],"detect":[118,155],"variants,":[121],"however,":[122],"they":[123,140],"limitations.":[125],"Their":[126],"reliance":[127],"on":[128],"regular":[129],"updates":[130],"incorporate":[132],"new":[133],"signatures":[135],"or":[136,252],"patterns":[137],"means":[138],"can":[141],"only":[142],"identify":[143],"known":[144],"variants.":[147,160],"constraint":[149],"inherently":[150],"restricts":[151],"capability":[153],"novel,":[156],"previously":[157],"unseen":[158],"Adding":[161],"challenge":[164],"is":[165,205,217],"growing":[167],"ingenuity":[168],"actors":[171],"who":[172],"craft":[173],"specifically":[175],"developed":[176],"bypass":[178],"signature-based":[179],"systems.":[181],"paper":[183],"presents":[184],"an":[185],"overview":[186],"Zeus,":[189],"Panda,":[191],"Ramnit":[193],"discusses":[198],"communication":[200,212],"architecture.":[201],"Subsequently,":[202],"methodology":[204,216],"proposed":[206],"detecting":[208],"C&C":[211],"traffic,":[213],"tested":[218],"using":[219],"several":[220],"feature":[221,227,234,243,254],"selection":[222,228,235,244,255],"algorithms":[223,236],"determine":[225,247],"which":[226],"algorithm":[229],"performs":[230],"best.":[232],"These":[233],"compared":[239],"with":[240],"manual":[242],"approach":[245,256],"whether":[248],"manual,":[250],"automated,":[251],"hybrid":[253],"would":[257],"be":[258],"more":[259],"suitable":[260],"type":[263],"problem.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-24T07:32:12.397491","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}