{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4291002143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp2030030","title":"Developing Security Assurance Metrics to Support Quantitative Security Assurance Evaluation","display_name":"Developing Security Assurance Metrics to Support Quantitative Security Assurance Evaluation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4291002143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp2030030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp2030030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp2030030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/2/3/30/pdf?version=1660138712","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/2/3/30/pdf?version=1660138712","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023668857","display_name":"Shao-Fang Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6228-8367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shao-Fang Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6228-8367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000342593","display_name":"Ankur Shukla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6737-2031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankur Shukla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6737-2031","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035810461","display_name":"Basel Katt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0177-9496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Basel Katt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0177-9496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023668857"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1114},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1114},"fwci":3.7382,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93926219,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"587","last_page":"605"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-security-assurance","display_name":"Software security assurance","score":0.7105064988136292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7091709971427917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-assurance","display_name":"Information assurance","score":0.5653289556503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5239018201828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.5052521824836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.49339380860328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strengths-and-weaknesses","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","score":0.48010018467903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-assurance","display_name":"Quality assurance","score":0.4278145432472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantitative-analysis","display_name":"Quantitative analysis (chemistry)","score":0.4193432629108429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4130741059780121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.3509373664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.25967031717300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-service","display_name":"Security service","score":0.25336623191833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1310257613658905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1023072600364685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.1017962396144867}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.7105064988136292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7091709971427917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780795517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6030997","display_name":"Information assurance","level":3,"score":0.5653289556503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5239018201828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5052521824836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.49339380860328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.48010018467903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106436119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836575","display_name":"Quality assurance","level":3,"score":0.4278145432472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95986675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185168","display_name":"Quantitative analysis (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4193432629108429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4130741059780121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3509373664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.25967031717300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.25336623191833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1310257613658905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1023072600364685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.1017962396144867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778618615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008393","display_name":"External quality assessment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp2030030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp2030030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/2/3/30/pdf?version=1660138712","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:48b4a94b5aeb4c1e86aa4d4ad68ad34f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/48b4a94b5aeb4c1e86aa4d4ad68ad34f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, Vol 2, Iss 3, Pp 587-605 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/3041939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3041939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"587-605","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp2030030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp2030030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/2/3/30/pdf?version=1660138712","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4291002143.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4291002143.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W89508118","https://openalex.org/W1565463191","https://openalex.org/W1594589021","https://openalex.org/W1985948672","https://openalex.org/W2019644624","https://openalex.org/W2029470589","https://openalex.org/W2032603434","https://openalex.org/W2064538718","https://openalex.org/W2099828081","https://openalex.org/W2111290067","https://openalex.org/W2113739228","https://openalex.org/W2123334556","https://openalex.org/W2157899531","https://openalex.org/W2891164157","https://openalex.org/W2909705103","https://openalex.org/W2922293479","https://openalex.org/W2937314533","https://openalex.org/W3046679832","https://openalex.org/W3151727758","https://openalex.org/W3203841480","https://openalex.org/W6635703827","https://openalex.org/W6682871858","https://openalex.org/W6761405897","https://openalex.org/W7000048139"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3111143909","https://openalex.org/W2111290067","https://openalex.org/W1945599074","https://openalex.org/W2354489789","https://openalex.org/W2373668370","https://openalex.org/W2161017395","https://openalex.org/W336498736","https://openalex.org/W2578106633","https://openalex.org/W1913231191","https://openalex.org/W2389855782"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Security":[0],"assurance":[1,74],"(SA)":[2],"is":[3,49],"a":[4,16,66,77,112,147],"technique":[5],"that":[6,15,37,76,93,159],"helps":[7],"organizations":[8],"to":[9,33,71,84,97,108,128,145],"appraise":[10],"the":[11,35,38,46,73,86,91,151],"trust":[12],"and":[13,22,54,61,88,102,110,140,154],"confidence":[14],"system":[17,39,78,92],"can":[18,94],"be":[19,30,95],"operated":[20],"correctly":[21],"securely.":[23],"To":[24],"foster":[25],"effective":[26],"SA,":[27],"there":[28],"must":[29],"systematic":[31],"techniques":[32,63],"reflect":[34],"fact":[36],"meets":[40],"its":[41],"security":[42,52,114],"requirements":[43],"and,":[44],"at":[45],"same":[47],"time,":[48],"resilient":[50],"against":[51],"vulnerabilities":[53],"failures.":[55],"Quantitative":[56],"SA":[57,69,130,137,157,164],"evaluation":[58,131],"applies":[59],"computational":[60],"mathematical":[62],"for":[64,150],"deriving":[65],"set":[67],"of":[68,90,156],"metrics":[70,81,107,138,158],"express":[72],"level":[75],"reaches.":[79],"Such":[80],"are":[82],"intended":[83],"quantify":[85],"strength":[87],"weaknesses":[89],"used":[96],"support":[98],"improved":[99],"decision":[100],"making":[101],"strategic":[103],"planning":[104],"initiatives.":[105],"Utilizing":[106],"capture":[109],"evaluate":[111],"system\u2019s":[113],"posture":[115],"has":[116,125],"gained":[117],"attention":[118],"in":[119],"recent":[120],"years.":[121],"However,":[122],"scarce":[123],"work":[124],"described":[126],"how":[127],"combine":[129],"while":[132],"taking":[133],"into":[134],"account":[135],"both":[136],"modeling":[139],"analysis.":[141],"This":[142],"paper":[143],"aims":[144],"develop":[146],"novel":[148],"approach":[149],"modeling,":[152],"calculation,":[153],"analysis":[155],"could":[160],"ultimately":[161],"enhance":[162],"quantitative":[163],"evaluation.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2022-08-13T00:00:00"}