{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285006516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp2030027","title":"Cybersecurity Threats and Their Mitigation Approaches Using Machine Learning\u2014A Review","display_name":"Cybersecurity Threats and Their Mitigation Approaches Using Machine Learning\u2014A Review","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285006516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp2030027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp2030027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp2030027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/2/3/27/pdf?version=1657769076","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/2/3/27/pdf?version=1657769076","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014889503","display_name":"Mostofa Ahsan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1748-5652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mostofa Ahsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046205221","display_name":"Kendall E. Nygard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kendall E. Nygard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034845580","display_name":"Rahul Gomes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5377-8196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124727415","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Eau Claire","ror":"https://ror.org/03mnm0t94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124727415"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Gomes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124727415"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064125900","display_name":"Md Minhaz Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0145-6838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79060951","display_name":"East Stroudsburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/05atz9219","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79060951"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Minhaz Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, East Stroudsburg, PA 18301, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, East Stroudsburg, PA 18301, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79060951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008515625","display_name":"Nafiz Rifat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5011-2778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nafiz Rifat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022718870","display_name":"Jayden F Connolly","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124727415","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Eau Claire","ror":"https://ror.org/03mnm0t94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124727415"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jayden F Connolly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124727415"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014889503","https://openalex.org/A5034845580"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124727415","https://openalex.org/I57328836"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"fwci":24.6295,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":180,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9982478,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"527","last_page":"555"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7317856550216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7196032404899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.6603152751922607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6351099610328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.626117467880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4457356929779053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4317477345466614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.43114253878593445}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7317856550216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7196032404899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.6603152751922607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6351099610328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.626117467880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4457356929779053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4317477345466614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.43114253878593445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp2030027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp2030027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/2/3/27/pdf?version=1657769076","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:62c10e6a8a6248e9ac0943b80088c1c8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/62c10e6a8a6248e9ac0943b80088c1c8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, Vol 2, Iss 3, Pp 527-555 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp2030027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp2030027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/2/3/27/pdf?version=1657769076","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285006516.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285006516.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":170,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6091113","https://openalex.org/W38680849","https://openalex.org/W101596157","https://openalex.org/W166342712","https://openalex.org/W202101684","https://openalex.org/W226535103","https://openalex.org/W433644524","https://openalex.org/W1481916896","https://openalex.org/W1530215515","https://openalex.org/W1554891714","https://openalex.org/W1641749581","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1690919088","https://openalex.org/W1806329564","https://openalex.org/W1918839972","https://openalex.org/W1948199107","https://openalex.org/W1965702297","https://openalex.org/W1966741850","https://openalex.org/W1967841763","https://openalex.org/W1971751469","https://openalex.org/W1974181637","https://openalex.org/W1979877030","https://openalex.org/W1988973117","https://openalex.org/W1990514347","https://openalex.org/W1991237739","https://openalex.org/W1991318433","https://openalex.org/W2010573219","https://openalex.org/W2018505727","https://openalex.org/W2026513874","https://openalex.org/W2031163547","https://openalex.org/W2039377530","https://openalex.org/W2043690777","https://openalex.org/W2059562799","https://openalex.org/W2062978452","https://openalex.org/W2064853889","https://openalex.org/W2066832805","https://openalex.org/W2076384720","https://openalex.org/W2077488147","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2087973052","https://openalex.org/W2089367555","https://openalex.org/W2099404336","https://openalex.org/W2100537916","https://openalex.org/W2106393550","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2112076978","https://openalex.org/W2122672392","https://openalex.org/W2127218421","https://openalex.org/W2134063552","https://openalex.org/W2140937627","https://openalex.org/W2142720090","https://openalex.org/W2144620969","https://openalex.org/W2151040995","https://openalex.org/W2154642793","https://openalex.org/W2166559705","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2169768310","https://openalex.org/W2170798597","https://openalex.org/W2188268519","https://openalex.org/W2198623851","https://openalex.org/W2310347995","https://openalex.org/W2343841005","https://openalex.org/W2397218697","https://openalex.org/W2470318310","https://openalex.org/W2542971063","https://openalex.org/W2548015322","https://openalex.org/W2552964202","https://openalex.org/W2600058599","https://openalex.org/W2617830947","https://openalex.org/W2736287575","https://openalex.org/W2751702350","https://openalex.org/W2765302304","https://openalex.org/W2781091734","https://openalex.org/W2794556148","https://openalex.org/W2803881474","https://openalex.org/W2804640011","https://openalex.org/W2858044321","https://openalex.org/W2890103762","https://openalex.org/W2899147610","https://openalex.org/W2900694037","https://openalex.org/W2902529532","https://openalex.org/W2903774181","https://openalex.org/W2905097561","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2919936975","https://openalex.org/W2921159494","https://openalex.org/W2923817828","https://openalex.org/W2945977071","https://openalex.org/W2948335084","https://openalex.org/W2948348660","https://openalex.org/W2950250245","https://openalex.org/W2953920146","https://openalex.org/W2954936648","https://openalex.org/W2957293356","https://openalex.org/W2958285686","https://openalex.org/W2962818281","https://openalex.org/W2963769237","https://openalex.org/W2977545581","https://openalex.org/W2979925643","https://openalex.org/W2982291760","https://openalex.org/W2982682021","https://openalex.org/W2983734430","https://openalex.org/W2990933508","https://openalex.org/W2993999308","https://openalex.org/W2994725226","https://openalex.org/W2995988246","https://openalex.org/W2996343483","https://openalex.org/W2996826556","https://openalex.org/W2999359281","https://openalex.org/W3005630930","https://openalex.org/W3007738605","https://openalex.org/W3011624874","https://openalex.org/W3011807858","https://openalex.org/W3014867431","https://openalex.org/W3015789953","https://openalex.org/W3016445534","https://openalex.org/W3016470706","https://openalex.org/W3019963807","https://openalex.org/W3037550442","https://openalex.org/W3038021883","https://openalex.org/W3038067977","https://openalex.org/W3088210217","https://openalex.org/W3092565864","https://openalex.org/W3100378204","https://openalex.org/W3103753990","https://openalex.org/W3106741970","https://openalex.org/W3108734815","https://openalex.org/W3114681532","https://openalex.org/W3115883673","https://openalex.org/W3118910683","https://openalex.org/W3119922393","https://openalex.org/W3120192064","https://openalex.org/W3120822793","https://openalex.org/W3121654254","https://openalex.org/W3126895599","https://openalex.org/W3129176636","https://openalex.org/W3135931079","https://openalex.org/W3140753276","https://openalex.org/W3163310753","https://openalex.org/W3178593045","https://openalex.org/W3191878698","https://openalex.org/W3194795863","https://openalex.org/W3195631217","https://openalex.org/W3203898451","https://openalex.org/W3204616723","https://openalex.org/W3207068952","https://openalex.org/W3214332509","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4244238212","https://openalex.org/W4245460974","https://openalex.org/W4252460146","https://openalex.org/W4256360777","https://openalex.org/W4256685224","https://openalex.org/W4280612546","https://openalex.org/W4312617380","https://openalex.org/W6608907193","https://openalex.org/W6628750762","https://openalex.org/W6636895364","https://openalex.org/W6676769703","https://openalex.org/W6682837551","https://openalex.org/W6686806119","https://openalex.org/W6750021486","https://openalex.org/W6756621107","https://openalex.org/W6760683165","https://openalex.org/W6765076608","https://openalex.org/W6775228959","https://openalex.org/W6788344686","https://openalex.org/W6802706939","https://openalex.org/W6802797615","https://openalex.org/W6847062898"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W4284893819","https://openalex.org/W3152891574","https://openalex.org/W4316881845","https://openalex.org/W4380075502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1,14,42,53,92,114,134,175],"is":[2,17,98,110,168],"of":[3,11,22,77,87,148,182],"rising":[4],"importance":[5],"in":[6,15,72],"cybersecurity.":[7],"The":[8,37,75,146],"primary":[9],"objective":[10],"applying":[12],"machine":[13,41,52,91,113,133,174],"cybersecurity":[16,38,121,129],"to":[18,94,100,123,139,169],"make":[19,124],"the":[20,108,112,159,179],"process":[21],"malware":[23,183],"detection":[24,76],"more":[25],"actionable,":[26],"scalable":[27],"and":[28,48,54,64,80,85,131,152],"effective":[29,71,172],"than":[30],"traditional":[31],"approaches,":[32],"which":[33],"require":[34,45],"human":[35],"intervention.":[36],"domain":[39],"involves":[40],"challenges":[43],"that":[44,116,184],"efficient":[46],"methodical":[47],"theoretical":[49],"handling.":[50],"Several":[51],"statistical":[55],"methods,":[56],"such":[57],"as":[58],"deep":[59],"learning,":[60],"support":[61],"vector":[62],"machines":[63],"Bayesian":[65],"classification,":[66],"among":[67],"others,":[68],"have":[69,117,136,143,156,162],"proven":[70],"mitigating":[73],"cyber-attacks.":[74],"hidden":[78],"trends":[79],"insights":[81],"from":[82],"network":[83],"data":[84,122],"building":[86],"a":[88],"corresponding":[89],"data-driven":[90],"model":[93],"prevent":[95],"these":[96,125,141,149,173],"attacks":[97],"vital":[99],"design":[101],"intelligent":[102],"security":[103],"systems.":[104],"In":[105],"this":[106],"survey,":[107],"focus":[109],"on":[111,120],"techniques":[115,135,176],"been":[118,137,144,164],"implemented":[119],"systems":[126],"secure.":[127],"Existing":[128],"threats":[130,142],"how":[132,153,171],"used":[138],"mitigate":[140],"discussed.":[145],"shortcomings":[147],"state-of-the-art":[150],"models":[151],"attack":[154],"patterns":[155],"evolved":[157],"over":[158],"past":[160],"decade":[161],"also":[163],"presented.":[165],"Our":[166],"goal":[167],"assess":[170],"are":[177],"against":[178],"ever-increasing":[180],"threat":[181],"plagues":[185],"our":[186],"online":[187],"community.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-08T08:50:53.379069","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}