{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4298360337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics9030061","title":"Evaluating and Revising the Digital Citizenship Scale","display_name":"Evaluating and Revising the Digital Citizenship Scale","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4298360337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics9030061"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics9030061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics9030061","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/9/3/61/pdf?version=1660895114","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/9/3/61/pdf?version=1660895114","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029639319","display_name":"Randy Connolly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3203-1448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I870124129","display_name":"Mount Royal University","ror":"https://ror.org/04evsam41","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I870124129"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Randy Connolly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Math and Computing, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6K6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3203-1448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Math and Computing, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6K6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I870124129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083747479","display_name":"Janet Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1678-2778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I870124129","display_name":"Mount Royal University","ror":"https://ror.org/04evsam41","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I870124129"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Janet Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Student Counselling, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6K6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1678-2778","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Student Counselling, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6K6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I870124129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083747479"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I870124129"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":3.6886,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92717632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"61","last_page":"61"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.9539999961853027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.6253299713134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nationality","display_name":"Nationality","score":0.6061809062957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citizenship","display_name":"Citizenship","score":0.5402054786682129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5077839493751526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5029804110527039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.46412113308906555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4414479732513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.37449151277542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.3694468140602112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.35979944467544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.32687026262283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration","display_name":"Immigration","score":0.304578959941864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.16157937049865723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12037009000778198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09119167923927307}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6253299713134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777138209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231002","display_name":"Nationality","level":3,"score":0.6061809062957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780781376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42138","display_name":"Citizenship","level":3,"score":0.5402054786682129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5077839493751526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5029804110527039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.46412113308906555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4414479732513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.37449151277542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3694468140602112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.35979944467544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.32687026262283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.304578959941864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16157937049865723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12037009000778198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09119167923927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics9030061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics9030061","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/9/3/61/pdf?version=1660895114","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6f2ef148f8b2455e82b18d222dbb12b4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6f2ef148f8b2455e82b18d222dbb12b4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Informatics, Vol 9, Iss 3, p 61 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2227-9709/9/3/61/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/informatics9030061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics9030061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics9030061","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/9/3/61/pdf?version=1660895114","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4298360337.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4298360337.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W230186536","https://openalex.org/W1848235773","https://openalex.org/W1990291963","https://openalex.org/W2017117150","https://openalex.org/W2062653525","https://openalex.org/W2079445663","https://openalex.org/W2110444444","https://openalex.org/W2118934859","https://openalex.org/W2133021806","https://openalex.org/W2183877827","https://openalex.org/W2514254993","https://openalex.org/W2521969216","https://openalex.org/W2552189168","https://openalex.org/W2570812812","https://openalex.org/W2581057531","https://openalex.org/W2610617162","https://openalex.org/W2766035330","https://openalex.org/W2786194474","https://openalex.org/W2788131552","https://openalex.org/W2790527064","https://openalex.org/W2802159050","https://openalex.org/W2895020834","https://openalex.org/W2905119203","https://openalex.org/W2947664583","https://openalex.org/W3025633499","https://openalex.org/W3048050001","https://openalex.org/W3087518336","https://openalex.org/W3118612437","https://openalex.org/W3134645015","https://openalex.org/W3216036889","https://openalex.org/W4235608110","https://openalex.org/W4247932332","https://openalex.org/W6608948956","https://openalex.org/W6638927240","https://openalex.org/W6747894740","https://openalex.org/W6763290364"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2477390048","https://openalex.org/W4234091946","https://openalex.org/W2386445203","https://openalex.org/W4293155677","https://openalex.org/W2381232294","https://openalex.org/W2374196251","https://openalex.org/W627525070","https://openalex.org/W3091961027","https://openalex.org/W2296939246","https://openalex.org/W4248551618"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Measuring":[0],"citizen":[1],"activities":[2],"in":[3,10,181,203],"online":[4,168,183,190],"environments":[5,63],"is":[6,69],"an":[7,120],"important":[8],"enterprise":[9],"fields":[11],"as":[12,14],"diverse":[13],"political":[15,169,184,191],"science,":[16],"informatics,":[17],"and":[18,83,134,139,159,196],"education.":[19],"Over":[20],"the":[21,39,46,55,70,84,101,104,114,140,143,167,186,201],"past":[22],"decade,":[23],"a":[24,73,153,163,197],"variety":[25],"of":[26,42,54,96,103,189],"scholars":[27],"have":[28,152,162],"proposed":[29],"survey":[30,74],"instruments":[31],"for":[32,106],"measuring":[33],"digital":[34],"citizenship.":[35],"This":[36],"study":[37,68],"investigates":[38],"psychometric":[40],"properties":[41],"one":[43],"such":[44],"measure,":[45],"Digital":[47],"Citizenship":[48],"Scale":[49],"(DCS).":[50],"While":[51,147],"previous":[52],"investigations":[53],"DCS":[56,105,117,137,145],"drew":[57],"participants":[58],"exclusively":[59],"from":[60,87],"single":[61],"educational":[62],"(college":[64],"students,":[65],"teachers),":[66],"this":[67,107],"first":[71],"with":[72],"population":[75],"(n":[76],"=":[77],"1820)":[78],"that":[79],"includes":[80],"both":[81],"students":[82],"general":[85],"public":[86],"multiple":[88],"countries.":[89],"Four":[90],"research":[91,128],"questions":[92,129],"were":[93,98],"addressed,":[94],"two":[95,127],"which":[97],"focused":[99],"on":[100,156,166],"validity":[102],"wider":[108],"population.":[109],"Our":[110],"results":[111],"suggest":[112],"refining":[113],"26-item":[115],"five-factor":[116],"tool":[118],"into":[119],"abbreviated":[121],"19-item":[122],"four-factor":[123],"instrument.":[124],"The":[125],"other":[126],"investigated":[130],"how":[131],"gender,":[132],"generation,":[133],"nationality":[135,158],"affect":[136],"scores":[138],"relationship":[141],"between":[142],"different":[144],"factors.":[146],"gender":[148],"was":[149,193],"found":[150],"to":[151,177,199],"minimal":[154],"effect":[155,165],"scores,":[157],"age":[160],"did":[161],"medium":[164],"activism":[170],"factor.":[171],"Technical":[172],"skills":[173],"by":[174],"themselves":[175],"appear":[176],"play":[178],"little":[179],"role":[180],"predicting":[182],"engagement;":[185],"largest":[187],"predictor":[188],"engagement":[192],"critical":[194],"perspective":[195],"willingness":[198],"use":[200],"Internet":[202],"active":[204],"ways":[205],"beyond":[206],"simply":[207],"consuming":[208],"content.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}