{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3008007858","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics7010006","title":"Facial Emotion Recognition Using Hybrid Features","display_name":"Facial Emotion Recognition Using Hybrid Features","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3008007858","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics7010006","mag":"3008007858"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics7010006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics7010006","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/7/1/6/pdf?version=1585138708","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/7/1/6/pdf?version=1585138708","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038655441","display_name":"Abdulrahman Alreshidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9034-3909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088963","display_name":"University of Ha'il","ror":"https://ror.org/013w98a82","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulrahman Alreshidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 2440, Saudi Arabia","College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 2440, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9034-3909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 2440, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 2440, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062997767","display_name":"Mohib Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0222-6340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohib Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062997767"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":4.6117,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95866768,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"6","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7405426502227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7055168151855469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6937479972839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.6569185853004456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5913861393928528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5475297570228577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4713315963745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.45360928773880005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.4449618458747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4228295087814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4010927379131317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7405426502227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7055168151855469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6937479972839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.6569185853004456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5913861393928528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5475297570228577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4713315963745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.45360928773880005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.4449618458747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4228295087814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4010927379131317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics7010006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics7010006","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/7/1/6/pdf?version=1585138708","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b71c39c925c24fcb820e07f53a3f886a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b71c39c925c24fcb820e07f53a3f886a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Informatics, Vol 7, Iss 1, p 6 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2227-9709/7/1/6/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/informatics7010006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/2724206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2724206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"7","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics7010006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics7010006","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/7/1/6/pdf?version=1585138708","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3008007858.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3008007858.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1659633384","https://openalex.org/W1965947362","https://openalex.org/W1968969471","https://openalex.org/W1979954176","https://openalex.org/W1981918162","https://openalex.org/W1986964674","https://openalex.org/W1992227055","https://openalex.org/W2003099669","https://openalex.org/W2005069458","https://openalex.org/W2005152349","https://openalex.org/W2081172408","https://openalex.org/W2136236240","https://openalex.org/W2139795045","https://openalex.org/W2160806066","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2165611870","https://openalex.org/W2166209411","https://openalex.org/W2172196609","https://openalex.org/W2266199501","https://openalex.org/W2479639417","https://openalex.org/W2506506742","https://openalex.org/W2556247010","https://openalex.org/W2590096887","https://openalex.org/W2593726055","https://openalex.org/W2594075324","https://openalex.org/W2594863811","https://openalex.org/W2601151231","https://openalex.org/W2618373950","https://openalex.org/W2626134199","https://openalex.org/W2735367885","https://openalex.org/W2738672149","https://openalex.org/W2748543394","https://openalex.org/W2762323924","https://openalex.org/W2765280073","https://openalex.org/W2769235278","https://openalex.org/W2782882614","https://openalex.org/W2793383796","https://openalex.org/W2793657457","https://openalex.org/W2799331981","https://openalex.org/W2801757790","https://openalex.org/W2805581501","https://openalex.org/W2889804527","https://openalex.org/W2892071465","https://openalex.org/W2893289071","https://openalex.org/W2898242330","https://openalex.org/W2902298447","https://openalex.org/W2908671501","https://openalex.org/W2909337224","https://openalex.org/W2914650326","https://openalex.org/W2922188941","https://openalex.org/W2936134684","https://openalex.org/W2938404524","https://openalex.org/W2963363102","https://openalex.org/W2963705386","https://openalex.org/W2971228021","https://openalex.org/W2976210782","https://openalex.org/W2980352323","https://openalex.org/W2980463312","https://openalex.org/W4251787904","https://openalex.org/W4256060553","https://openalex.org/W6637351227","https://openalex.org/W6739866501","https://openalex.org/W6981465768"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096042813","https://openalex.org/W2047758967","https://openalex.org/W2294130405","https://openalex.org/W2242267494","https://openalex.org/W2116589437","https://openalex.org/W2392583168","https://openalex.org/W2373143428","https://openalex.org/W2063332791","https://openalex.org/W1877595604","https://openalex.org/W2349172669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"emotion":[1,175],"recognition":[2],"is":[3,104,166,188],"a":[4,13,23,76,146,151],"crucial":[5],"task":[6],"for":[7,26,48,174],"human-computer":[8],"interaction,":[9],"autonomous":[10],"vehicles,":[11],"and":[12,41,170,190,201,217,234],"multitude":[14],"of":[15,34,75,97,126,137,158,168,183,210],"multimedia":[16],"applications.":[17,50],"In":[18,208],"this":[19],"paper,":[20],"we":[21,52,144],"propose":[22],"modular":[24,124],"framework":[25,32],"human":[27],"facial":[28,111,138,141,171,228],"emotions\u2019":[29],"recognition.":[30,176],"The":[31,83,102],"consists":[33],"two":[35],"machine":[36],"learning":[37],"algorithms":[38],"(for":[39],"detection":[40],"classification)":[42],"that":[43,113,155],"could":[44],"be":[45,131],"trained":[46],"offline":[47],"real-time":[49],"Initially,":[51],"detect":[53],"faces":[54,237],"in":[55,117,230],"the":[56,60,73,90,107,123,127,159,163,180,185,212,222,226,231],"images":[57],"by":[58],"exploring":[59],"AdaBoost":[61],"cascade":[62],"classifiers.":[63],"We":[64,193],"then":[65],"extract":[66],"neighborhood":[67],"difference":[68],"features":[69,74],"(NDF),":[70],"which":[71],"represent":[72],"face":[77],"based":[78,88],"on":[79,89,106,197,225],"localized":[80],"appearance":[81],"information.":[82,101],"NDF":[84],"models":[85],"different":[86,198],"patterns":[87],"relationships":[91],"between":[92],"neighboring":[93],"regions":[94],"themselves":[95],"instead":[96],"considering":[98],"only":[99],"intensity":[100],"study":[103],"focused":[105],"seven":[108],"most":[109],"important":[110],"expressions":[112,229],"are":[114],"extensively":[115],"used":[116],"day-to-day":[118],"life.":[119],"However,":[120],"due":[121,178],"to":[122,133,179],"design":[125,182],"framework,":[128],"it":[129,203],"can":[130],"extended":[132],"classify":[134],"N":[135],"number":[136],"expressions.":[139],"For":[140],"expression":[142],"classification,":[143],"train":[145],"random":[147],"forest":[148],"classifier":[149],"with":[150,204],"latent":[152],"emotional":[153],"state":[154],"takes":[156],"care":[157],"mis-/false":[160],"detection.":[161],"Additionally,":[162],"proposed":[164,186,213],"method":[165,187,196,214],"independent":[167],"gender":[169],"skin":[172],"color":[173],"Moreover,":[177],"intrinsic":[181],"NDF,":[184],"illumination":[189],"orientation":[191],"invariant.":[192],"evaluate":[194],"our":[195],"benchmark":[199],"datasets":[200],"compare":[202],"five":[205],"reference":[206,223],"methods.":[207],"terms":[209],"accuracy,":[211],"gives":[215],"13%":[216],"24%":[218],"better":[219],"results":[220],"than":[221],"methods":[224],"static":[227],"wild":[232],"(SFEW)":[233],"real-world":[235],"affective":[236],"(RAF)":[238],"datasets,":[239],"respectively.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}