{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140213227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics13040047","title":"Concurrent Prediction of Length of Stay, Mortality, and Total Charges in Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Using Continuous Machine Learning","display_name":"Concurrent Prediction of Length of Stay, Mortality, and Total Charges in Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Using Continuous Machine Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140213227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics13040047"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics13040047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics13040047","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/13/4/47/pdf?version=1774349928","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/13/4/47/pdf?version=1774349928","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiahui Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I4210126032"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norm Asbjornson College of Engineering, Montana State University, Norm Asbjornson Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norm Asbjornson College of Engineering, Montana State University, Norm Asbjornson Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Elizabeth Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6628-4083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I4210126032"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mark & Robyn Jones College of Nursing, Montana State University, Sherrick Hall 212, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6628-4083","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mark & Robyn Jones College of Nursing, Montana State University, Sherrick Hall 212, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bradley M. Whitaker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8884-9743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I4210126032"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bradley M. Whitaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Norm Asbjornson College of Engineering, Montana State University, Norm Asbjornson Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8884-9743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Norm Asbjornson College of Engineering, Montana State University, Norm Asbjornson Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Faraz Dadgostari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2965-2470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I4210126032"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faraz Dadgostari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norm Asbjornson College of Engineering, Montana State University, Norm Asbjornson Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2965-2470","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norm Asbjornson College of Engineering, Montana State University, Norm Asbjornson Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hansjorg Schwertz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99840902","display_name":"Billings Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/05arxpe18","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99840902"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hansjorg Schwertz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Occupational Medicine, Billings Clinic Bozeman, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Billings Clinic Bozeman, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99840902"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bernadette McCrory","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2735-6464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I4210126032"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bernadette McCrory","raw_affiliation_strings":["BioReD Hub, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norm Asbjornson College of Engineering, Montana State University, Norm Asbjornson Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2735-6464","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BioReD Hub, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norm Asbjornson College of Engineering, Montana State University, Norm Asbjornson Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31004675,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"47","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10950","display_name":"Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia research","score":0.666700005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10950","display_name":"Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia research","score":0.666700005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10309","display_name":"Acute Myeloid Leukemia Research","score":0.042500000447034836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2720","display_name":"Hematology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12172","display_name":"Neutropenia and Cancer Infections","score":0.039500001817941666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lymphoblastic-leukemia","display_name":"Lymphoblastic Leukemia","score":0.7026000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.5418000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-modelling","display_name":"Predictive modelling","score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.36160001158714294}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909962599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180664","display_name":"Lymphoblastic Leukemia","level":3,"score":0.7026000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6686999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5418000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.36160001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.3312999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018822202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Patient data","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics13040047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics13040047","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/13/4/47/pdf?version=1774349928","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2c9c6b349a284ec6bb46ff83e3f9c8ae","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2c9c6b349a284ec6bb46ff83e3f9c8ae","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Informatics, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 47 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics13040047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics13040047","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/13/4/47/pdf?version=1774349928","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46430984139442444,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311310","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7140213227.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7140213227.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550064466","https://openalex.org/W1964102397","https://openalex.org/W1995372682","https://openalex.org/W2053104823","https://openalex.org/W2070991337","https://openalex.org/W2081127271","https://openalex.org/W2088794999","https://openalex.org/W2092486912","https://openalex.org/W2132413579","https://openalex.org/W2163964890","https://openalex.org/W2201763417","https://openalex.org/W2471273152","https://openalex.org/W2597843262","https://openalex.org/W2625924446","https://openalex.org/W2782347492","https://openalex.org/W2793577799","https://openalex.org/W2794455936","https://openalex.org/W2795789315","https://openalex.org/W2889601236","https://openalex.org/W2891385203","https://openalex.org/W2910705748","https://openalex.org/W2989952008","https://openalex.org/W3014584966","https://openalex.org/W3034840568","https://openalex.org/W3036955987","https://openalex.org/W3041564249","https://openalex.org/W3042228502","https://openalex.org/W3047931086","https://openalex.org/W3080310280","https://openalex.org/W3088820104","https://openalex.org/W3094582747","https://openalex.org/W3110478840","https://openalex.org/W3120293480","https://openalex.org/W3142725822","https://openalex.org/W3156537084","https://openalex.org/W3182706339","https://openalex.org/W3186283777","https://openalex.org/W3208024078","https://openalex.org/W3210820305","https://openalex.org/W3215058137","https://openalex.org/W3216829190","https://openalex.org/W4200161006","https://openalex.org/W4200603820","https://openalex.org/W4211046582","https://openalex.org/W4223962496","https://openalex.org/W4243150065","https://openalex.org/W4283593236","https://openalex.org/W4292622580","https://openalex.org/W4295428898","https://openalex.org/W4307523683","https://openalex.org/W4308418045","https://openalex.org/W4364352867","https://openalex.org/W4376506864","https://openalex.org/W4379600263","https://openalex.org/W4379980783","https://openalex.org/W4385954464","https://openalex.org/W4386831341","https://openalex.org/W4386961797","https://openalex.org/W4393950709","https://openalex.org/W4400036077"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Acute":[0],"lymphoblastic":[1],"leukemia":[2],"(ALL)":[3],"presents":[4],"significant":[5,127],"clinical":[6,137],"challenges":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,53,144],"its":[10],"genetic":[11],"complexity":[12],"and":[13,25,40,63,94,100,116,124,135,150],"high":[14],"relapse":[15],"rates.":[16],"While":[17],"outcomes":[18,108],"like":[19],"length":[20],"of":[21,88,106,129,155],"stay":[22],"(LOS),":[23],"mortality,":[24],"total":[26],"charges":[27],"(TCs)":[28],"are":[29],"critical":[30],"quality":[31],"indicators,":[32,115],"most":[33],"existing":[34],"models":[35],"rely":[36],"on":[37],"static":[38],"data":[39],"separate":[41],"outcome":[42],"modeling.":[43],"This":[44],"study":[45],"utilized":[46],"the":[47,77,84,90,152],"HCUP":[48],"National":[49],"Inpatient":[50],"Sample":[51],"(NIS)":[52],"develop":[54],"a":[55,67],"dynamic,":[56],"concurrent":[57,78],"prediction":[58],"model":[59,91],"for":[60,69],"prolonged":[61,122],"LOS":[62,123],"mortality":[64,125],"(PLOSM),":[65],"alongside":[66],"framework":[68,140],"TCs.":[70,130],"By":[71,131],"integrating":[72],"temporally":[73],"updated":[74],"patient":[75,146],"information,":[76],"approach":[79],"outperformed":[80],"single-outcome":[81],"models.":[82],"Within":[83],"first":[85],"seven":[86],"days":[87],"hospitalization,":[89],"achieved":[92],"accuracy":[93],"precision":[95],"above":[96],"90%,":[97],"with":[98],"recall":[99],"F1-scores":[101],"exceeding":[102],"80%.":[103],"Key":[104],"predictors":[105],"these":[107],"included":[109],"age,":[110],"race,":[111],"insurance":[112],"type,":[113],"financial":[114,153],"elective":[117],"surgery":[118],"status.":[119],"Notably,":[120],"both":[121],"were":[126],"drivers":[128],"bridging":[132],"predictive":[133],"modeling":[134],"real-time":[136],"data,":[138],"this":[139],"enables":[141],"data-driven":[142],"decision-making":[143],"optimize":[145],"management,":[147],"enhance":[148],"safety,":[149],"mitigate":[151],"burden":[154],"ALL":[156],"care.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-03-25T00:00:00"}