{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133183938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics13030036","title":"Mapping 3D Digital Heritage at Scale: A ChatGPT-Assisted Analysis of Sketchfab\u2019s \u201cCultural Heritage & History\u201d Models","display_name":"Mapping 3D Digital Heritage at Scale: A ChatGPT-Assisted Analysis of Sketchfab\u2019s \u201cCultural Heritage & History\u201d Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133183938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics13030036"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics13030036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics13030036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/13/3/36/pdf?version=1772503407","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/13/3/36/pdf?version=1772503407","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029347362","display_name":"Massimiliano PEPE","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39387349","display_name":"University of Chieti-Pescara","ror":"https://ror.org/00qjgza05","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39387349"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Massimiliano Pepe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Geology, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro 42, 65127 Pescara, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Geology, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro 42, 65127 Pescara, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39387349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125182797","display_name":"Andrei Crisan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3122695212","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Timi\u015foara","ror":"https://ror.org/02v91gy68","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3122695212"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrei Crisan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Steel Structures and Structural Mechanics, Politehnica University Timi\u0219oara, Pia\u021ba Victoriei 2, 300006 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1921-9267","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Steel Structures and Structural Mechanics, Politehnica University Timi\u0219oara, Pia\u021ba Victoriei 2, 300006 Timi\u0219oara, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122695212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046041375","display_name":"Emmanuel Maravelakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3193-9446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28710699","display_name":"Hellenic Mediterranean University","ror":"https://ror.org/039ce0m20","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28710699"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Maravelakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 73133 Chania, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3193-9446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 73133 Chania, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28710699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114208782","display_name":"Donato Palumbo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39387349","display_name":"University of Chieti-Pescara","ror":"https://ror.org/00qjgza05","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39387349"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donato Palumbo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Geology, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro 42, 65127 Pescara, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Geology, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro 42, 65127 Pescara, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39387349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106520967","display_name":"Ahmed Kamal Hamed Dewedar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8521-0693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39387349","display_name":"University of Chieti-Pescara","ror":"https://ror.org/00qjgza05","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39387349"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Kamal Hamed Dewedar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Geology, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro 42, 65127 Pescara, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8521-0693","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Geology, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro 42, 65127 Pescara, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39387349"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027863466","display_name":"Przemys\u0142aw Klapa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-7667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019092743","display_name":"University of Agriculture in Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/012dxyr07","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019092743"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Przemys\u0142aw Klapa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geodesy, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 253a, 30-198 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-7667","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geodesy, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 253a, 30-198 Krak\u00f3w, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019092743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029347362","https://openalex.org/A5106520967"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39387349"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43010292,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"36","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.30709999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.30709999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.07999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12377","display_name":"Digital Humanities and Scholarship","score":0.06830000132322311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-heritage","display_name":"Cultural heritage","score":0.7978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.711899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.7059000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-domain","display_name":"Public domain","score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.3596000075340271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60671577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210272","display_name":"Cultural heritage","level":2,"score":0.7978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.711899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.7059000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6057000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.46779999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4424999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512654426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19652","display_name":"Public domain","level":2,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93371752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572824","display_name":"Cultural heritage management","level":3,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776193868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5154950","display_name":"Community engagement","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776509796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276056","display_name":"Content creation","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778674798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q632897","display_name":"Digital preservation","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779344036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11320476","display_name":"Digital content","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162446236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653137","display_name":"Content analysis","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115233962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1791627","display_name":"Cultural artifact","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics13030036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics13030036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/13/3/36/pdf?version=1772503407","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5106f5069654451bb9b08de49a47858d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5106f5069654451bb9b08de49a47858d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Informatics, Vol 13, Iss 3, p 36 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics13030036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics13030036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/13/3/36/pdf?version=1772503407","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7002509832382202,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133183938.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133183938.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966527403","https://openalex.org/W2035848040","https://openalex.org/W2792321774","https://openalex.org/W2900826974","https://openalex.org/W2940627188","https://openalex.org/W3028257359","https://openalex.org/W3038649353","https://openalex.org/W4283714864","https://openalex.org/W4366987635","https://openalex.org/W4389109330","https://openalex.org/W4392662760","https://openalex.org/W4408223803","https://openalex.org/W4409295936","https://openalex.org/W4413159168","https://openalex.org/W4414086206","https://openalex.org/W4414405642"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"evaluates":[2],"the":[3,175,180],"platform-mediated":[4],"importance":[5],"and":[6,20,25,27,53,56,60,66,94,106,127,160,177,182,194],"impact":[7],"of":[8,50,179],"3D":[9,35],"cultural":[10,44],"heritage":[11,45],"models":[12,89,117],"stored":[13],"on":[14,82],"Sketchfab":[15],"by":[16,173],"analyzing":[17],"user":[18],"engagement":[19,144],"retention":[21],"metrics":[22],"(views,":[23,90],"likes,":[24,91],"comments),":[26],"provides":[28],"a":[29,77,99,111,122,197],"comparative":[30],"assessment":[31],"across":[32],"other":[33],"major":[34],"platforms.":[36],"Our":[37],"primary":[38],"goal":[39],"is":[40,147],"to":[41,139,154],"understand":[42],"how":[43,57],"content":[46,146],"performs":[47],"in":[48,101],"terms":[49],"reach,":[51,140],"engagement,":[52],"reuse":[54],"conditions,":[55],"platform":[58],"design":[59,176],"taxonomies":[61],"shape":[62],"what":[63,186],"becomes":[64],"visible":[65],"measurable.":[67],"We":[68],"map":[69],"Sketchfab\u2019s":[70],"Cultural":[71,131],"Heritage":[72,132],"&":[73,133],"History":[74,134],"ecosystem":[75],"through":[76],"reproducible,":[78],"API-driven":[79],"workflow":[80],"built":[81],"public":[83],"metadata":[84],"for":[85],"over":[86],"1.37":[87],"million":[88],"comments,":[92],"tags,":[93],"licences).":[95],"The":[96,129],"results":[97],"depict":[98],"domain":[100],"rapid":[102],"expansion":[103],"between":[104],"2018":[105],"2025,":[107],"while":[108],"also":[109],"revealing":[110],"strongly":[112],"unequal":[113],"attention":[114],"economy:":[115],"most":[116],"receive":[118],"limited":[119],"interaction,":[120],"whereas":[121],"small":[123],"minority":[124],"concentrates":[125],"visibility":[126],"engagement.":[128],"category":[130],"shows":[135],"high":[136],"endorsement":[137],"relative":[138],"consistent":[141],"with":[142],"\u201chigh-value\u201d":[143],"once":[145],"discovered.":[148],"Methodologically,":[149],"large-scale":[150],"harvesting":[151],"required":[152,190],"automation":[153],"manage":[155],"cursor":[156],"pagination,":[157],"intermittent":[158],"failures,":[159],"rate":[161],"limits":[162],"(e.g.,":[163],"HTTP":[164],"429).":[165],"In":[166],"this":[167],"context,":[168],"ChatGPT":[169],"provided":[170],"essential":[171],"support":[172],"assisting":[174],"refinement":[178],"extraction":[181],"counting":[183,193],"algorithm,":[184],"replacing":[185],"would":[187],"otherwise":[188],"have":[189],"extensive":[191],"manual":[192],"verification":[195],"at":[196],"scale":[198],"that":[199],"could":[200],"plausibly":[201],"take":[202],"months.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T06:11:40.159057","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}