{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415620636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics12040119","title":"Explainable AI for Clinical Decision Support Systems: Literature Review, Key Gaps, and Research Synthesis","display_name":"Explainable AI for Clinical Decision Support Systems: Literature Review, Key Gaps, and Research Synthesis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415620636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics12040119"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics12040119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics12040119","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/12/4/119/pdf?version=1761654255","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/12/4/119/pdf?version=1761654255","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120161470","display_name":"Mozhgan Salimparsa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mozhgan Salimparsa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Insight Lab, Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Insight Lab, Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027962058","display_name":"Kamran Sedig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6970-5469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kamran Sedig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Insight Lab, Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Insight Lab, Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004615169","display_name":"Daniel J. Lizotte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-8619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel J. Lizotte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada","Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024636525","display_name":"Sheikh S. Abdullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2452-8494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131944076","display_name":"Lawson Health Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/051gsh239","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131944076"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800925808","display_name":"London Health Sciences Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/037tz0e16","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800925808"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I924318406","display_name":"MacEwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003s89n44","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I924318406"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheikh S. Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 2P2, Canada","ICES Western, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada","Insight Lab, Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada","Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada","London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 2P2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I924318406"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICES Western, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Insight Lab, Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131944076"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800925808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002239020","display_name":"Niaz Chalabianloo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7228-4725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niaz Chalabianloo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada","Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada","ICES Western, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICES Western, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031930231","display_name":"Flory T. Muanda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4682-6564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131944076","display_name":"Lawson Health Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/051gsh239","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131944076"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Flory T. Muanda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada","Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada","ICES Western, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada","Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICES Western, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131944076"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027962058"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":14.7699,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9872345,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"119","last_page":"119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.7247999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.7247999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.16110000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.032099999487400055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.7578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.5710999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5595999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.5595999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.5236999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.46880000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-support-system","display_name":"Decision support system","score":0.4657999873161316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.7578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.746399998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.5710999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5595999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.5595999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.5236999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.46880000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.45489999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics12040119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics12040119","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/12/4/119/pdf?version=1761654255","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:02e1388cd3024253b4f066172857aa17","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/02e1388cd3024253b4f066172857aa17","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Informatics, Vol 12, Iss 4, p 119 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics12040119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics12040119","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/12/4/119/pdf?version=1761654255","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415620636.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415620636.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50422939","https://openalex.org/W139043267","https://openalex.org/W166454861","https://openalex.org/W252991006","https://openalex.org/W1485616050","https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W2017680859","https://openalex.org/W2083210304","https://openalex.org/W2084701050","https://openalex.org/W2112036221","https://openalex.org/W2129888542","https://openalex.org/W2133288357","https://openalex.org/W2154280685","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2606462007","https://openalex.org/W2657631929","https://openalex.org/W2791727636","https://openalex.org/W2804604520","https://openalex.org/W2883361794","https://openalex.org/W2883424428","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2910890213","https://openalex.org/W2945151003","https://openalex.org/W2945295328","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2956993163","https://openalex.org/W2958089299","https://openalex.org/W2962772482","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2963178695","https://openalex.org/W2963847595","https://openalex.org/W2968485670","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W3003619021","https://openalex.org/W3007133930","https://openalex.org/W3011778563","https://openalex.org/W3014245704","https://openalex.org/W3040868855","https://openalex.org/W3092273386","https://openalex.org/W3173256172","https://openalex.org/W3179833988","https://openalex.org/W3203348860","https://openalex.org/W3216327971","https://openalex.org/W4200347914","https://openalex.org/W4212942200","https://openalex.org/W4289097366","https://openalex.org/W4296261149","https://openalex.org/W4320342906","https://openalex.org/W4324155120","https://openalex.org/W4366547677","https://openalex.org/W4386857282","https://openalex.org/W4394014083","https://openalex.org/W4399363537","https://openalex.org/W4399586554","https://openalex.org/W4400117494","https://openalex.org/W4400935096","https://openalex.org/W4400984022","https://openalex.org/W4401591602","https://openalex.org/W4403914562","https://openalex.org/W4413811448"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"Artificial":[1],"Intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"promises":[4],"significant":[5],"enhancements":[6],"for":[7,136,211],"Clinical":[8],"Decision":[9],"Support":[10],"Systems":[11],"(CDSSs),":[12],"the":[13,142,172],"opacity":[14],"of":[15,132,144],"many":[16],"AI":[17,34,217],"models":[18],"remains":[19],"a":[20,87,101,107,127,133,202],"major":[21],"barrier":[22],"to":[23,28,37,46,56,74,91,182],"clinical":[24,148],"adoption,":[25],"primarily":[26],"due":[27],"interpretability":[29],"and":[30,63,82,95,117,120,153,177,188,197,215],"trust":[31],"challenges.":[32],"Explainable":[33],"(XAI)":[35],"seeks":[36],"bridge":[38],"this":[39],"gap":[40],"by":[41],"making":[42],"model":[43],"reasoning":[44],"understandable":[45],"clinicians,":[47],"but":[48],"technical":[49],"XAI":[50,73,112,146],"solutions":[51],"have":[52],"too":[53],"often":[54],"failed":[55],"address":[57,178],"real-world":[58,160],"clinician":[59],"needs,":[60],"workflow":[61,184],"integration,":[62,185],"usability":[64],"concerns.":[65],"This":[66],"study":[67,130],"synthesizes":[68],"persistent":[69],"challenges":[70],"in":[71,219],"applying":[72],"CDSS\u2014including":[75],"mismatched":[76],"explanation":[77],"methods,":[78],"suboptimal":[79],"interface":[80,115],"designs,":[81],"insufficient":[83],"evaluation":[84,119,156],"practices\u2014and":[85],"proposes":[86],"structured,":[88],"user-centered":[89,111,204],"framework":[90,109,173,207],"guide":[92],"more":[93,189],"effective":[94],"trustworthy":[96,196],"XAI-CDSS":[97,135,200],"development.":[98],"Drawing":[99],"on":[100],"comprehensive":[102],"literature":[103],"review,":[104],"we":[105],"detail":[106],"three-phase":[108],"encompassing":[110],"method":[113],"selection,":[114],"co-design,":[116],"iterative":[118],"refinement.":[121],"We":[122,192],"demonstrate":[123],"its":[124],"application":[125],"through":[126],"retrospective":[128],"case":[129,168],"analysis":[131,169],"published":[134],"sepsis":[137],"care.":[138],"Our":[139],"synthesis":[140],"highlights":[141],"importance":[143],"aligning":[145],"with":[147],"workflows,":[149],"supporting":[150],"calibrated":[151],"trust,":[152],"deploying":[154],"robust":[155],"methodologies":[157],"that":[158,194],"capture":[159],"clinician\u2013AI":[161],"interaction":[162],"patterns,":[163],"such":[164],"as":[165],"negotiation.":[166],"The":[167],"shows":[170],"how":[171],"can":[174],"systematically":[175],"identify":[176],"user-centric":[179],"gaps,":[180],"leading":[181],"better":[183],"tailored":[186],"explanations,":[187],"usable":[190],"interfaces.":[191],"conclude":[193],"achieving":[195],"clinically":[198],"useful":[199],"requires":[201],"fundamentally":[203],"approach;":[205],"our":[206],"offers":[208],"actionable":[209],"guidance":[210],"creating":[212],"explainable,":[213],"usable,":[214],"trusted":[216],"systems":[218],"healthcare.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-28T00:00:00"}
