{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2888039212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info9090208","title":"Improved 3-D Indoor Positioning Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and the Chan Method","display_name":"Improved 3-D Indoor Positioning Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and the Chan Method","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2888039212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info9090208","mag":"2888039212"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info9090208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info9090208","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/9/9/208/pdf?version=1534922403","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/9/9/208/pdf?version=1534922403","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100416650","display_name":"Shanshan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9723-2403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141962983","display_name":"Shanghai University of Engineering Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0557b9y08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanshan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101604117","display_name":"Zhicai Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3062-2700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141962983","display_name":"Shanghai University of Engineering Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0557b9y08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhicai Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004882141","display_name":"Fei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2139-8807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141962983","display_name":"Shanghai University of Engineering Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0557b9y08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103125980","display_name":"Changzhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4055-1064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141962983","display_name":"Shanghai University of Engineering Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0557b9y08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changzhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100327017","display_name":"Jin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7654-255X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141962983","display_name":"Shanghai University of Engineering Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0557b9y08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100642033","display_name":"Jiwei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-5704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141962983","display_name":"Shanghai University of Engineering Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0557b9y08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiwei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004882141","https://openalex.org/A5101604117"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.2969,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57382784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"9","first_page":"208","last_page":"208"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.907733678817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.7545417547225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.716921329498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.6093463897705078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5767000317573547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5433140993118286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.5383893251419067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.47639790177345276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4549046456813812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-arrival","display_name":"Time of arrival","score":0.4518510699272156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.43847474455833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-behaviour","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","score":0.42172345519065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.41516003012657166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3961532711982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16068992018699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13911685347557068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.12359517812728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07023674249649048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.907733678817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.7545417547225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.716921329498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.6093463897705078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5767000317573547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5433140993118286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.5383893251419067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.47639790177345276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4549046456813812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.4518510699272156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.43847474455833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.42172345519065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41516003012657166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3961532711982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16068992018699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13911685347557068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.12359517812728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07023674249649048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info9090208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info9090208","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/9/9/208/pdf?version=1534922403","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:514a89744b1e402abf78b2c70b56a715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/514a89744b1e402abf78b2c70b56a715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 9, Iss 9, p 208 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/9/9/208/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info9090208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info9090208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info9090208","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/9/9/208/pdf?version=1534922403","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335563","display_name":"State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2888039212.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2888039212.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525082254","https://openalex.org/W1940760116","https://openalex.org/W1985958974","https://openalex.org/W2004563091","https://openalex.org/W2029349326","https://openalex.org/W2062325957","https://openalex.org/W2063206391","https://openalex.org/W2065494178","https://openalex.org/W2098314065","https://openalex.org/W2100989187","https://openalex.org/W2102987342","https://openalex.org/W2104746953","https://openalex.org/W2124216931","https://openalex.org/W2129460960","https://openalex.org/W2132956114","https://openalex.org/W2138114662","https://openalex.org/W2141266663","https://openalex.org/W2141833981","https://openalex.org/W2146550598","https://openalex.org/W2153875281","https://openalex.org/W2159734580","https://openalex.org/W2295205072","https://openalex.org/W2345912433","https://openalex.org/W2571638249","https://openalex.org/W2624318379","https://openalex.org/W2756908398","https://openalex.org/W2757445187","https://openalex.org/W2759912853","https://openalex.org/W2800993700","https://openalex.org/W2802716869","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4302422232","https://openalex.org/W6651368235","https://openalex.org/W6676060111"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2391980879","https://openalex.org/W1636339314","https://openalex.org/W2799362944","https://openalex.org/W2903220199","https://openalex.org/W2083509671","https://openalex.org/W1978001812","https://openalex.org/W4307018408","https://openalex.org/W2355647129","https://openalex.org/W4206243596","https://openalex.org/W2235572374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Time":[0],"of":[1,16,56,59,113,142],"arrival":[2],"(TOA)":[3],"measurement":[4],"is":[5,106],"a":[6,14,57,75],"promising":[7],"method":[8],"for":[9],"target":[10],"positioning":[11,30,78,95,161,166],"based":[12,32,80],"on":[13,33,81,124],"set":[15],"nodes":[17],"with":[18,21,156],"known":[19],"positions,":[20],"high":[22,50],"accuracy":[23,47,96,167],"and":[24,41,66,86,168,184],"low":[25],"computational":[26,51,152,170],"complexity.":[27,171],"However,":[28],"most":[29],"methods":[31,149],"TOA":[34],"(such":[35],"as":[36],"least":[37],"squares":[38],"estimation,":[39],"maximum-likelihood,":[40],"Chan,":[42],"etc.)":[43],"cannot":[44],"provide":[45],"desirable":[46],"while":[48,97,163],"maintaining":[49],"efficiency":[52,183],"in":[53,70,154],"the":[54,94,99,103,110,114,120,125,128,138,143,147,157,180],"case":[55],"non-line":[58],"sight":[60],"(NLOS)":[61],"path":[62],"between":[63],"base":[64,159],"stations":[65],"user":[67],"terminals.":[68],"Therefore,":[69],"this":[71],"paper,":[72],"we":[73],"proposed":[74,148],"creative":[76],"3-D":[77],"system":[79],"particle":[82],"swarm":[83],"optimization":[84],"(PSO)":[85],"an":[87],"improved":[88,129],"Chan":[89,130],"algorithm":[90,131,178],"to":[91,108,136],"greatly":[92],"improve":[93],"decreasing":[98],"computation":[100],"time.":[101],"In":[102,145],"system,":[104],"PSO":[105],"used":[107],"estimate":[109],"initial":[111,126],"location":[112,141],"target,":[115],"which":[116],"can":[117],"effectively":[118],"eliminate":[119],"NLOS":[121],"error.":[122],"Based":[123],"location,":[127],"performs":[132],"iterative":[133],"computations":[134],"quickly":[135],"obtain":[137],"final":[139],"exact":[140],"target.":[144],"addition,":[146],"will":[150],"have":[151],"benefits":[153],"dealing":[155],"large-scale":[158],"station":[160],"problems":[162],"has":[164,179],"highly":[165],"lower":[169],"The":[172],"experimental":[173],"results":[174],"demonstrated":[175],"that":[176],"our":[177],"best":[181],"time":[182],"good":[185],"practicability":[186],"among":[187],"stat-of-the-art":[188],"algorithms.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}