{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2419995707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info7020033","title":"A Framework for Measuring Security as a System Property in Cyberphysical Systems","display_name":"A Framework for Measuring Security as a System Property in Cyberphysical Systems","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2419995707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info7020033","mag":"2419995707"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info7020033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info7020033","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/7/2/33/pdf?version=1466155690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/7/2/33/pdf?version=1466155690","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059744696","display_name":"Janusz Zalewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2823-0153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801014300","display_name":"Florida Gulf Coast University","ror":"https://ror.org/05tc5bm31","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801014300"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Janusz Zalewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers, FL 33965, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers, FL 33965, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801014300"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034192915","display_name":"Ingrid Buckley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2736-718X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801014300","display_name":"Florida Gulf Coast University","ror":"https://ror.org/05tc5bm31","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801014300"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ingrid Buckley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers, FL 33965, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers, FL 33965, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801014300"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074779808","display_name":"Bogdan Czejdo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7567-5705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184654094","display_name":"Fayetteville State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rj92e31","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184654094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bogdan Czejdo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Math &amp; Computer Science, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC 28301, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Math &amp; Computer Science, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC 28301, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184654094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008070371","display_name":"Steven Drager","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Drager","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, NY 13441, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, NY 13441, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026548044","display_name":"Andrew J. Kornecki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Kornecki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, Software, and Systems Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, Software, and Systems Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051691764","display_name":"Nary Subramanian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3963-9149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I221716585","display_name":"The University of Texas at Tyler","ror":"https://ror.org/01azfw069","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I221716585"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nary Subramanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3963-9149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I221716585"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059744696"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801014300"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.0218,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91347446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"33","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.980400025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.6533997058868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5611807703971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5537105798721313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5438698530197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.45374757051467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.44842156767845154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.43553364276885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4211328327655792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3738715946674347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2423141896724701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.18010300397872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.08235830068588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.06618356704711914}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6533997058868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5611807703971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5537105798721313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5438698530197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.45374757051467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.44842156767845154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.43553364276885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4211328327655792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3738715946674347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2423141896724701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.18010300397872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.08235830068588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.06618356704711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info7020033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info7020033","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/7/2/33/pdf?version=1466155690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.uttyler.edu:compsci_fac-1033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.uttyler.edu/compsci_fac/30","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196686","display_name":"Scholar Works at UT Tyler (The University of Texas at Tyler)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I221716585","host_organization_name":"The University of Texas at Tyler","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I221716585"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science Faculty Publications and Presentations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu:college_health_science_technology-1998","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/college_health_science_technology/999","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400276","display_name":"DigitalCommons@Fayetteville State University (Fayetteville State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184654094","host_organization_name":"Fayetteville State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184654094"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College of Health, Science, and Technology","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5202f7433d094358b23cd25e07cd4f76","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5202f7433d094358b23cd25e07cd4f76","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 7, Iss 2, p 33 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/7/2/33/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info7020033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information; Volume 7; Issue 2; Pages: 33","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info7020033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info7020033","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/7/2/33/pdf?version=1466155690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5042550970","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SBAHQ-10-I-0250","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306121","funder_display_name":"U.S. Small Business Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306121","display_name":"U.S. Small Business Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/015t55b95"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2419995707.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2419995707.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7393850","https://openalex.org/W633977110","https://openalex.org/W1198752617","https://openalex.org/W1494984305","https://openalex.org/W1535654799","https://openalex.org/W1569144507","https://openalex.org/W1600051453","https://openalex.org/W1992819845","https://openalex.org/W1993575476","https://openalex.org/W2030555099","https://openalex.org/W2038713900","https://openalex.org/W2042229489","https://openalex.org/W2047369413","https://openalex.org/W2051834076","https://openalex.org/W2052461464","https://openalex.org/W2081844467","https://openalex.org/W2089509095","https://openalex.org/W2099564610","https://openalex.org/W2100142058","https://openalex.org/W2144973807","https://openalex.org/W2146949683","https://openalex.org/W2162302744","https://openalex.org/W2166512883","https://openalex.org/W2182579277","https://openalex.org/W2241026086","https://openalex.org/W2329156098","https://openalex.org/W2492012419","https://openalex.org/W2498029175","https://openalex.org/W2614505876","https://openalex.org/W6620373570","https://openalex.org/W6675204157","https://openalex.org/W6686002359","https://openalex.org/W6980097038"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2582753012","https://openalex.org/W4300101497","https://openalex.org/W2962977872","https://openalex.org/W2379797514","https://openalex.org/W2391763874","https://openalex.org/W2036456628","https://openalex.org/W2391530279","https://openalex.org/W2490685291","https://openalex.org/W2259779842","https://openalex.org/W2390952587"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,17,60,87],"challenge":[4],"of":[5,13,19,49,62,86],"measuring":[6,63],"security,":[7,34],"understood":[8],"as":[9,23,35],"a":[10,36],"system":[11,37],"property,":[12,38],"cyberphysical":[14,54],"systems,":[15],"in":[16,47,53,78],"category":[18],"similar":[20],"properties,":[21],"such":[22],"safety":[24],"and":[25],"reliability.":[26],"First,":[27],"it":[28],"attempts":[29],"to":[30,59,89],"define":[31],"precisely":[32],"what":[33],"really":[39],"is.":[40],"Then,":[41],"an":[42,50],"application":[43],"context":[44],"is":[45],"presented,":[46],"terms":[48],"attack":[51],"surface":[52],"systems.":[55],"Contemporary":[56],"approaches":[57],"related":[58],"principles":[61],"software":[64],"properties":[65],"are":[66,76],"also":[67],"discussed,":[68],"with":[69],"emphasis":[70],"on":[71,83],"building":[72],"models.":[73],"These":[74],"concepts":[75],"illustrated":[77],"several":[79],"case":[80],"studies,":[81],"based":[82],"previous":[84],"work":[85],"authors,":[88],"conduct":[90],"experimental":[91],"security":[92],"measurements.":[93]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
