{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007787681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info5010134","title":"Information: A Personal Synthesis","display_name":"Information: A Personal Synthesis","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007787681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info5010134","mag":"2007787681"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info5010134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info5010134","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/5/1/134/pdf?version=1392890697","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/5/1/134/pdf?version=1392890697","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089796757","display_name":"Joseph E. Brenner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1568-5180"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Brenner","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Center for Transdisciplinary Research, c/o Chemin du Coll\u00e8ge 1, Les Diablerets 1865, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Center for Transdisciplinary Research, c/o Chemin du Coll\u00e8ge 1, Les Diablerets 1865, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089796757"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.835,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84978313,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"134","last_page":"170"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14394","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Education Research","score":0.914900004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13062","display_name":"Cognitive Computing and Networks","score":0.9047999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compendium","display_name":"Compendium","score":0.7597720623016357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.660919725894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5347301959991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theme","display_name":"Theme (computing)","score":0.5340360999107361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.5090045928955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","score":0.4957805573940277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.45197272300720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.44429540634155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.37343549728393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.34545519948005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.3346134424209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1601381003856659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.13256409764289856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.12661045789718628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778473407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1459574","display_name":"Compendium","level":2,"score":0.7597720623016357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.660919725894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5347301959991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33566652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065927","display_name":"Theme (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5340360999107361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5090045928955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.4957805573940277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.45197272300720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.44429540634155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.37343549728393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.34545519948005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3346134424209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1601381003856659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.13256409764289856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12661045789718628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info5010134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info5010134","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/5/1/134/pdf?version=1392890697","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5783490222b24b1286be20b1bbb75464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5783490222b24b1286be20b1bbb75464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 134-170 (2014)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info5010134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info5010134","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/5/1/134/pdf?version=1392890697","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2007787681.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2007787681.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38150597","https://openalex.org/W608705948","https://openalex.org/W1503648977","https://openalex.org/W1503725081","https://openalex.org/W1511329623","https://openalex.org/W1514095875","https://openalex.org/W1524958681","https://openalex.org/W1582496946","https://openalex.org/W1595614667","https://openalex.org/W1852239578","https://openalex.org/W1857340345","https://openalex.org/W1963580194","https://openalex.org/W1963635090","https://openalex.org/W1966058685","https://openalex.org/W2001963822","https://openalex.org/W2013808224","https://openalex.org/W2017259894","https://openalex.org/W2023348730","https://openalex.org/W2034761002","https://openalex.org/W2040012316","https://openalex.org/W2040997910","https://openalex.org/W2044803135","https://openalex.org/W2045048510","https://openalex.org/W2062445013","https://openalex.org/W2066126551","https://openalex.org/W2067149338","https://openalex.org/W2067309476","https://openalex.org/W2073543432","https://openalex.org/W2074818502","https://openalex.org/W2075725716","https://openalex.org/W2109520780","https://openalex.org/W2111420869","https://openalex.org/W2117781485","https://openalex.org/W2125143143","https://openalex.org/W2130765775","https://openalex.org/W2138862328","https://openalex.org/W2143075876","https://openalex.org/W2158510049","https://openalex.org/W2188467095","https://openalex.org/W2284745234","https://openalex.org/W2504261885","https://openalex.org/W2542621286","https://openalex.org/W2914911015","https://openalex.org/W2920822633","https://openalex.org/W2921284352","https://openalex.org/W2954875542","https://openalex.org/W3134495501","https://openalex.org/W4206907399","https://openalex.org/W4233245765","https://openalex.org/W4235180952","https://openalex.org/W4237633302","https://openalex.org/W4253539150","https://openalex.org/W4298575303","https://openalex.org/W4299539045","https://openalex.org/W4388258095","https://openalex.org/W4391838086","https://openalex.org/W6631324202","https://openalex.org/W6635113239","https://openalex.org/W6659253321","https://openalex.org/W6680891520","https://openalex.org/W6687485466","https://openalex.org/W6832770030"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384167225","https://openalex.org/W2113182373","https://openalex.org/W2119005669","https://openalex.org/W2088998312","https://openalex.org/W4255195499","https://openalex.org/W2481793228","https://openalex.org/W2403214044","https://openalex.org/W2379604225","https://openalex.org/W4205600000","https://openalex.org/W2918622295"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"is":[2,90,116,135,193],"an":[3,162,198],"attempt":[4,93],"to":[5,32,54,72,78,184,210],"capture,":[6],"in":[7,20,35,41,69,85],"a":[8,95,106,118,124,131,137],"reasonable":[9],"space,":[10],"some":[11],"of":[12,18,38,76,98,103,109,113,120,147,155,164,173,176,181,190,201,206,214],"the":[13,24,36,42,165,174,179,182,188,194,202,211,215],"major":[14],"developments":[15],"and":[16,23,51,58,61,204],"currents":[17],"thought":[19],"information":[21,207,216],"theory":[22],"relations":[25],"between":[26],"them.":[27],"I":[28,64,82],"have":[29,65],"particularly":[30],"tried":[31],"include":[33],"changes":[34],"views":[37],"key":[39,67],"authors":[40],"field.":[43],"The":[44,88],"domains":[45],"addressed":[46],"range":[47],"from":[48,152],"mathematical-categorial,":[49],"philosophical":[50],"computational":[52],"approaches":[53,60],"systems,":[55],"causal-compositional,":[56],"biological":[57],"religious":[59],"messaging":[62],"theory.":[63],"related":[66],"concepts":[68],"each":[70],"domain":[71],"my":[73],"non-standard":[74],"extension":[75],"logic":[77],"real":[79],"processes":[80],"that":[81,102,112,197],"call":[83],"Logic":[84],"Reality":[86],"(LIR).":[87],"result":[89],"not":[91,117],"another":[92],"at":[94,123],"General":[96],"Theory":[97,108],"Information":[99,110],"such":[100],"as":[101],"Burgin,":[104],"or":[105,127],"Unified":[107],"like":[111],"Hofkirchner.":[114],"It":[115,134],"compendium":[119],"papers":[121],"presented":[122],"conference,":[125],"more":[126],"less":[128],"unified":[129],"around":[130],"particular":[132],"theme.":[133],"rather":[136],"highly":[138],"personal,":[139],"limited":[140],"synthesis":[141,192],"which":[142,185],"nonetheless":[143],"may":[144,160,208],"facilitate":[145],"comparison":[146],"insights,":[148],"including":[149],"contradictory":[150],"ones,":[151],"different":[153],"lines":[154],"inquiry.":[156],"As":[157],"such,":[158],"it":[159,186],"be":[161],"example":[163],"concept":[166],"proposed":[167],"by":[168],"Marijuan,":[169],"still":[170],"little":[171],"developed,":[172],"recombination":[175],"knowledge.":[177],"Like":[178],"best":[180],"work":[183],"refers,":[187],"finality":[189],"this":[191],"possible":[195],"contribution":[196],"improved":[199],"understanding":[200],"nature":[203],"dynamics":[205],"make":[209],"ethical":[212],"development":[213],"society.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}