{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7157603750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17050421","title":"YOLO-ESO: A Lightweight YOLOv10-Based Model for Individual Pig Identification in Complex Farming Environments","display_name":"YOLO-ESO: A Lightweight YOLOv10-Based Model for Individual Pig Identification in Complex Farming Environments","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7157603750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17050421"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17050421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17050421","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/5/421/pdf?version=1777291669","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/5/421/pdf?version=1777291669","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064789405","display_name":"Zhu Juanhua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4750791","display_name":"Henan Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq83d71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juanhua Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7291-1477","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134829857","display_name":"Lele Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4750791","display_name":"Henan Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq83d71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lele Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075422131","display_name":"Tong Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5967-9087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4750791","display_name":"Henan Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq83d71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100633632","display_name":"Yue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0098-5359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4750791","display_name":"Henan Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq83d71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0392-3107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134869193","display_name":"Miao Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4750791","display_name":"Henan Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq83d71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070730557","display_name":"Ang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2797-0050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4750791","display_name":"Henan Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq83d71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2797-0050","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070730557"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51325511,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"5","first_page":"421","last_page":"421"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.5246999859809875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.5246999859809875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12486","display_name":"Food Supply Chain Traceability","score":0.33500000834465027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12365","display_name":"Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock","score":0.01810000091791153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6371999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4392000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.328000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6371999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4724000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4392000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4237000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478672","display_name":"Pig farming","level":3,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17050421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17050421","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/5/421/pdf?version=1777291669","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:01e05ed384b84a11976ac3d601831c06","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/01e05ed384b84a11976ac3d601831c06","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 17, Iss 5, p 421 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17050421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17050421","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/5/421/pdf?version=1777291669","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.6795116662979126,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7157603750.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7157603750.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1959719515","https://openalex.org/W2110823168","https://openalex.org/W2791690647","https://openalex.org/W2987787344","https://openalex.org/W3017357154","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W4220908486","https://openalex.org/W4313647042","https://openalex.org/W4319663728","https://openalex.org/W4372347372","https://openalex.org/W4387264759","https://openalex.org/W4387697659","https://openalex.org/W4387711028","https://openalex.org/W4390872550","https://openalex.org/W4391105073","https://openalex.org/W4399375291","https://openalex.org/W4401520539","https://openalex.org/W4408411533","https://openalex.org/W4409245670","https://openalex.org/W4409280804","https://openalex.org/W4410296777","https://openalex.org/W4410721760","https://openalex.org/W4412663941","https://openalex.org/W4413275357","https://openalex.org/W4413488406","https://openalex.org/W7118347365"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"intensive":[1],"farming,":[2],"contactless":[3],"individual":[4,171],"pig":[5,124,172],"identification":[6,173],"is":[7],"crucial":[8],"for":[9,169,181],"precision":[10,185],"feeding":[11],"and":[12,26,85,98,118,136,148,155,166],"health":[13],"monitoring.":[14],"However,":[15],"real-world":[16,123],"barn":[17],"conditions\u2014such":[18],"as":[19],"fluctuating":[20],"illumination,":[21],"severe":[22],"occlusions,":[23],"non-rigid":[24],"poses,":[25],"high":[27,37],"inter-individual":[28],"similarity\u2014pose":[29],"significant":[30],"challenges.":[31],"Existing":[32],"models":[33],"struggle":[34],"to":[35,68,90,111],"balance":[36],"accuracy":[38],"with":[39,82],"lightweight":[40,167],"deployment.":[41],"To":[42],"address":[43],"this,":[44],"we":[45],"propose":[46],"YOLO-ESO,":[47],"an":[48,101,128,132,137,164],"optimized":[49],"detection":[50,109],"framework":[51],"based":[52],"on":[53,121],"YOLOv10n.":[54],"YOLO-ESO":[55,126,141,162],"introduces":[56],"three":[57],"core":[58],"innovations:":[59],"(1)":[60],"integrating":[61],"the":[62,66,80,108,160],"C2f_ODConv":[63],"module":[64,89],"into":[65],"backbone":[67],"strengthen":[69],"feature":[70],"learning":[71],"under":[72],"complex":[73,175],"poses":[74],"via":[75],"dynamic":[76],"convolution;":[77],"(2)":[78],"redesigning":[79],"neck":[81],"a":[83,122],"Semantics":[84],"Detail":[86],"Infusion":[87],"(SDI)":[88],"improve":[91],"multi-scale":[92],"fusion":[93],"while":[94,150],"suppressing":[95],"background":[96],"noise;":[97],"(3)":[99],"embedding":[100],"Efficient":[102],"Multi-Scale":[103],"Attention":[104],"(EMA)":[105],"mechanism":[106],"before":[107],"head":[110],"capture":[112],"fine-grained":[113],"identity":[114],"cues":[115],"like":[116],"texture":[117],"contours.":[119],"Evaluated":[120],"dataset,":[125],"achieves":[127],"mAP@0.5":[129],"of":[130,134,139],"96.6%,":[131],"mAP@0.5:0.95":[133],"71.1%,":[135],"F1":[138],"92.0%.":[140],"surpasses":[142],"state-of-the-art":[143],"detectors":[144],"including":[145],"YOLOv8,":[146],"YOLOv11,":[147],"RT-DETR,":[149],"introducing":[151],"only":[152],"8.7":[153],"GFLOPs":[154],"3.48":[156],"million":[157],"parameters.":[158],"Overall,":[159],"proposed":[161],"provides":[163],"accurate":[165],"solution":[168],"robust":[170],"in":[174,184],"farming":[176],"environments,":[177],"showing":[178],"strong":[179],"potential":[180],"practical":[182],"deployment":[183],"livestock":[186],"farming.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-04-30T00:00:00"}