{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147562109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17040342","title":"Unbiasing Greek: In-Context Learning Strategies for Gender Bias Identification and Mitigation for Legal Documents and Job Ads","display_name":"Unbiasing Greek: In-Context Learning Strategies for Gender Bias Identification and Mitigation for Legal Documents and Job Ads","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147562109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17040342"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17040342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17040342","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/4/342/pdf?version=1775118284","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/4/342/pdf?version=1775118284","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099293417","display_name":"Dimitrios Doumanas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Doumanas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061767012","display_name":"Andreas Soularidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9769-5583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Soularidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9769-5583","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064789418","display_name":"Nikolaos Zafeiropoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8682-3774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Zafeiropoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050728306","display_name":"Stamatis Chatzistamatis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2912-3058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stamatis Chatzistamatis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2912-3058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084644811","display_name":"George E. Tsekouras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7006-1536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George E. Tsekouras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7006-1536","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033242375","display_name":"Andreas El Saer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1320-7102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120510","display_name":"Information Technology for Market Leadership (Greece)","ror":"https://ror.org/02erc6n26","country_code":"GR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120510"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas El Saer","raw_affiliation_strings":["ITML Co., 11524 Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ITML Co., 11524 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120510"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132578680","display_name":"Chrisaphis Nathanailidis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53074787","display_name":"Technological Educational Institute of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace","ror":"https://ror.org/0009xxz90","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53074787"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chrisaphis Nathanailidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lioncode Co., 64200 Kavala, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lioncode Co., 64200 Kavala, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53074787"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026253993","display_name":"Konstantinos Kotis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7838-9691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Kotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7838-9691","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026253993","https://openalex.org/A5099293417"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55685608,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"342","last_page":"342"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.6847000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.6847000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.0851999968290329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13173","display_name":"Gender Studies in Language","score":0.0820000022649765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-bias","display_name":"Gender bias","score":0.7537999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6420999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.5875999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confirmation-bias","display_name":"Confirmation bias","score":0.412200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammatical-gender","display_name":"Grammatical gender","score":0.40380001068115234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983427547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender bias","level":2,"score":0.7537999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6420999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.5875999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5254999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4726000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.42010000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79585631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431498","display_name":"Confirmation bias","level":2,"score":0.412200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192420165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162378","display_name":"Grammatical gender","level":3,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C532629269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865083","display_name":"Corpus linguistics","level":2,"score":0.39480000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2474386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461183","display_name":"Text corpus","level":2,"score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11192451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2032038","display_name":"Stylometry","level":2,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778049185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2334719","display_name":"Legal case","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17040342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17040342","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/4/342/pdf?version=1775118284","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:07758dd79ee3402f974bdac6146c07b7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/07758dd79ee3402f974bdac6146c07b7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 17, Iss 4, p 342 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17040342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17040342","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/4/342/pdf?version=1775118284","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.6796044707298279,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7147562109.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7147562109.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2760400867","https://openalex.org/W2889624842","https://openalex.org/W2950866572","https://openalex.org/W2950888501","https://openalex.org/W2963116854","https://openalex.org/W2964261743","https://openalex.org/W2970408399","https://openalex.org/W3081541477","https://openalex.org/W3128232076","https://openalex.org/W3167443963","https://openalex.org/W3170686427","https://openalex.org/W4220882608","https://openalex.org/W4250499230","https://openalex.org/W4385567149","https://openalex.org/W4385571817","https://openalex.org/W4385573341","https://openalex.org/W4387215476","https://openalex.org/W4387735167","https://openalex.org/W4389519898","https://openalex.org/W4389783325","https://openalex.org/W4390043316","https://openalex.org/W4403211926","https://openalex.org/W4404782964","https://openalex.org/W4409948913","https://openalex.org/W4410873069","https://openalex.org/W4411549926","https://openalex.org/W4412527478","https://openalex.org/W4412673555","https://openalex.org/W4412944334","https://openalex.org/W4416037355","https://openalex.org/W4416258051","https://openalex.org/W4417339422","https://openalex.org/W7116802834","https://openalex.org/W7124951320","https://openalex.org/W7126024473"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gender":[0],"bias":[1,14,61,80,178,256],"embedded":[2],"in":[3,62,215,234,258],"legal":[4,67,235],"and":[5,16,36,58,66,89,131,143,146,159,182,198,207,212,250],"professional":[6],"texts":[7,236],"perpetuates":[8],"systemic":[9],"inequality,":[10],"yet":[11],"research":[12],"on":[13,50,56,156,161],"identification":[15],"mitigation":[17,257],"remains":[18],"largely":[19],"confined":[20],"to":[21,45,83,176,230],"English.":[22],"Morphologically":[23],"rich":[24],"languages":[25],"such":[26],"as":[27],"Greek,":[28],"where":[29],"grammatical":[30,213],"gender":[31,60,79,225],"pervades":[32],"nouns,":[33],"adjectives,":[34],"pronouns,":[35],"participles,":[37],"present":[38],"unique":[39],"challenges":[40],"that":[41,71],"existing":[42],"approaches":[43],"fail":[44],"address.":[46],"This":[47],"paper":[48],"elaborates":[49],"a":[51,75,151,184,221],"systematic":[52,210],"methodology":[53],"primarily":[54],"focusing":[55],"identifying":[57],"mitigating":[59],"Greek-language":[63],"job":[64],"advertisements":[65],"documents.":[68],"To":[69],"accomplish":[70],"task,":[72],"we":[73,106],"define":[74],"taxonomy":[76],"of":[77,87,119,245],"nine":[78],"rules":[81],"tailored":[82],"the":[84,169,243],"linguistic":[85,199],"properties":[86],"Greek":[88,163,216],"construct":[90],"domain-specific":[91],"annotated":[92],"datasets":[93],"comprising":[94],"90":[95],"expert-curated":[96],"few-shot":[97],"examples":[98],"across":[99,195],"both":[100],"textual":[101],"domains.":[102],"Using":[103],"these":[104],"resources,":[105],"employ":[107],"XML-structured":[108],"prompt":[109],"engineering":[110],"with":[111,201,227],"in-context":[112],"learning":[113],"(ICL)and":[114],"systematically":[115],"compare":[116],"three":[117],"classes":[118],"models:":[120],"(i)":[121],"commercial":[122],"large":[123],"language":[124,137,153],"models":[125,138],"(LLMs),":[126],"namely":[127],"Claude":[128],"Sonnet":[129],"4.5":[130],"GPT-5.2,":[132],"(ii)":[133],"two":[134],"open-weight":[135],"small":[136],"(SLMs),":[139],"Mistral":[140],"Small":[141],"(24B)":[142],"Ministral":[144],"(14B),":[145],"(iii)":[147],"Llama":[148,157],"Krikri":[149],"(8B),":[150],"Greek-native":[152],"model":[154,196,246],"built":[155],"3.1":[158],"fine-tuned":[160],"high-quality":[162],"corpora.":[164],"For":[165],"each":[166],"input":[167],"text,":[168],"system":[170],"identifies":[171],"biased":[172],"expressions,":[173],"maps":[174],"them":[175],"specific":[177],"rules,":[179],"provides":[180],"explanations,":[181],"generates":[183],"fully":[185],"corrected":[186],"inclusive":[187],"version.":[188],"Our":[189],"experiments":[190],"reveal":[191],"substantial":[192],"performance":[193],"disparities":[194],"scales":[197],"specialization,":[200],"LLMs":[202],"demonstrating":[203],"superior":[204],"contextual":[205],"reasoning":[206],"SLMs":[208],"exhibiting":[209],"over-correction":[211],"errors":[214],"morphology.":[217],"We":[218],"further":[219],"introduce":[220],"critical":[222],"meta-rule":[223],"addressing":[224],"agreement":[226],"named":[228],"entities":[229],"prevent":[231],"spurious":[232],"corrections":[233],"referencing":[237],"identified":[238],"individuals.":[239],"The":[240],"findings":[241],"highlight":[242],"importance":[244],"scale,":[247],"language-specific":[248],"adaptation,":[249],"carefully":[251],"designed":[252],"prompting":[253],"strategies":[254],"for":[255],"underrepresented":[259],"languages.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}
