{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135015176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17030286","title":"Cybersecurity Digital Twins for Industrial Systems: From Literature Synthesis to Framework Design","display_name":"Cybersecurity Digital Twins for Industrial Systems: From Literature Synthesis to Framework Design","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135015176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17030286"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17030286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17030286","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/3/286/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/3/286/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106718665","display_name":"Konstantinos E. Kampourakis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos E. Kampourakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2802 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2802 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128826789","display_name":"Vasileios Gkioulos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasileios Gkioulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2802 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2802 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121747904","display_name":"Sokratis Katsikas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sokratis Katsikas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2802 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2802 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5106718665"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73405812,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"286","last_page":"286"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.8154000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.8154000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.14000000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.6736000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position-paper","display_name":"Position paper","score":0.4431000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.41429999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-internet","display_name":"Industrial Internet","score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.32829999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.6736000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6111999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5069000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78780964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233193","display_name":"Position paper","level":2,"score":0.4431000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4408999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41429999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202839342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60740481","display_name":"Industrial Internet","level":3,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780103759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5264375","display_name":"Design science","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985105721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479512","display_name":"Incident response","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121017731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661","display_name":"Information technology","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777986313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1661989","display_name":"Industry 4.0","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988724468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q392933","display_name":"Defence industry","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781241145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204606","display_name":"Cyberspace","level":3,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17030286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17030286","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/3/286/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d3a53338d1204adb8027efac472affbf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d3a53338d1204adb8027efac472affbf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 17, Iss 3, p 286 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17030286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17030286","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/3/286/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5301891565322876}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3748656914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Norway","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5155252173","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"310105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5743026584","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"310105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8619789142","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"31010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7135015176.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7135015176.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"Twins":[1],"(DTs)":[2],"are":[3],"increasingly":[4],"recognized":[5],"as":[6,71,111,120],"a":[7,46,105,124,134,162,172],"strategic":[8],"technology":[9,98],"for":[10,123,175],"enhancing":[11],"cybersecurity":[12,57,184],"in":[13,17,68,186],"industrial":[14,187],"environments,":[15],"particularly":[16],"the":[18,36,39,121,150],"face":[19],"of":[20,53,74,108],"rising":[21],"threats":[22],"targeting":[23],"Operational":[24],"Technology":[25],"(OT).":[26],"After":[27],"comparatively":[28],"examining":[29],"closely":[30],"related":[31],"DT\u2013cybersecurity":[32],"frameworks":[33],"to":[34,63,149,166,180],"position":[35],"contribution":[37],"within":[38],"existing":[40],"research":[41],"landscape,":[42],"this":[43,101],"paper":[44],"presents":[45],"systematic":[47],"literature":[48],"review":[49],"and":[50,66,78,92,97,115,138,153,170,177],"comparative":[51],"analysis":[52,81],"19":[54],"recent":[55],"DT-based":[56,167],"studies,":[58],"focusing":[59],"on":[60],"their":[61],"relevance":[62],"incident":[64,136],"detection":[65,91,137],"response":[67,93,139],"sectors":[69],"such":[70],"Industrial":[72],"Internet":[73],"Things":[75],"(IIoT),":[76],"manufacturing,":[77],"energy.":[79],"The":[80,130],"evaluates":[82],"each":[83],"study":[84],"across":[85],"multiple":[86],"dimensions,":[87],"including":[88],"attack":[89],"types,":[90],"mechanisms,":[94],"DT":[95],"integration,":[96],"stacks.":[99],"From":[100],"review,":[102],"we":[103],"derive":[104],"consolidated":[106],"set":[107],"requirements,":[109],"categorized":[110],"functional,":[112],"non-functional,":[113],"security-specific,":[114],"domain-specific.":[116],"These":[117],"requirements":[118,152],"serve":[119],"foundation":[122],"novel,":[125],"cybersecurity-focused,":[126],"ISO":[127,143],"23247-based":[128],"framework.":[129],"proposed":[131],"architecture":[132],"formalizes":[133],"DT-enabled":[135],"lifecycle":[140],"aligned":[141],"with":[142,155],"23247.":[144],"It":[145],"is":[146],"explicitly":[147],"mapped":[148],"derived":[151],"detailed":[154],"practical":[156],"implementation":[157],"considerations.":[158],"This":[159],"work":[160],"contributes":[161],"structured,":[163],"evidence-based":[164],"approach":[165],"security":[168],"engineering":[169],"offers":[171],"reference":[173],"design":[174],"researchers":[176],"practitioners":[178],"aiming":[179],"build":[181],"resilient,":[182],"adaptive":[183],"solutions":[185],"settings.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-30T08:08:38.191290","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}