{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133235307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17030239","title":"Computational Ghost Imaging Encryption for Multiple Images Based on Compressed Sensing and Block Scrambling","display_name":"Computational Ghost Imaging Encryption for Multiple Images Based on Compressed Sensing and Block Scrambling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133235307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17030239"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17030239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17030239","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/3/239/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/3/239/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100424154","display_name":"Zhipeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1145-234X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110718","display_name":"Nanyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7yer47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhipeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127828607","display_name":"Jiahuan Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110718","display_name":"Nanyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7yer47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127848632","display_name":"Ruizhi Ge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110718","display_name":"Nanyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7yer47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruizhi Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127835578","display_name":"Yingying Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110718","display_name":"Nanyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7yer47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingying Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123171676","display_name":"Yi Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110718","display_name":"Nanyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7yer47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent Manufacturing and Electrical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7772-6702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent Manufacturing and Electrical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26379169,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"239","last_page":"239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.8646000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.8646000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.06989999860525131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.014100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scrambling","display_name":"Scrambling","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7663000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ghost-imaging","display_name":"Ghost imaging","score":0.6873999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressed-sensing","display_name":"Compressed sensing","score":0.5670999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitwise-operation","display_name":"Bitwise operation","score":0.49959999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4982999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.4799000024795532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182548165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2261483","display_name":"Scrambling","level":2,"score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7663000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776646148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12367738","display_name":"Ghost imaging","level":2,"score":0.6873999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5986999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124851039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665459","display_name":"Compressed sensing","level":2,"score":0.5670999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134765980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879126","display_name":"Bitwise operation","level":2,"score":0.49959999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4982999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.4799000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.46389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4083000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41431624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053357","display_name":"Block size","level":3,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105322999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1557574","display_name":"Key space","level":3,"score":0.35530000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169805256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361381","display_name":"Transform coding","level":4,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13481523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412438","display_name":"Image compression","level":4,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4199805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725903","display_name":"Gaussian noise","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17030239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17030239","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/3/239/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5cd2dea530254ec0bedb787285cc7242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5cd2dea530254ec0bedb787285cc7242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 17, Iss 3, p 239 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17030239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17030239","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/3/239/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323019","display_name":"Nanyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7yer47"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133235307.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133235307.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1058136348","https://openalex.org/W1682410435","https://openalex.org/W1970364642","https://openalex.org/W2203942939","https://openalex.org/W2744769070","https://openalex.org/W2884478609","https://openalex.org/W2918678016","https://openalex.org/W2941990895","https://openalex.org/W2969293866","https://openalex.org/W2982740292","https://openalex.org/W2998983737","https://openalex.org/W3005723933","https://openalex.org/W3035777017","https://openalex.org/W3048972734","https://openalex.org/W3089730221","https://openalex.org/W3090698787","https://openalex.org/W3092747493","https://openalex.org/W3095087998","https://openalex.org/W3157707995","https://openalex.org/W3165444304","https://openalex.org/W3176311753","https://openalex.org/W4200290345","https://openalex.org/W4206198265","https://openalex.org/W4210381477","https://openalex.org/W4210657211","https://openalex.org/W4221097711","https://openalex.org/W4224273332","https://openalex.org/W4225275300","https://openalex.org/W4250955649","https://openalex.org/W4300263211","https://openalex.org/W4304889886","https://openalex.org/W4308033654","https://openalex.org/W4317932216","https://openalex.org/W4385812010","https://openalex.org/W4390449953","https://openalex.org/W4394009573","https://openalex.org/W4399993904","https://openalex.org/W4401015524","https://openalex.org/W4402191580","https://openalex.org/W4402316021","https://openalex.org/W4403224694","https://openalex.org/W4405700898","https://openalex.org/W4408699641"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"achieve":[1],"high":[2,4,204,215],"capacity,":[3],"speed,":[5],"and":[6,27,43,91,101,115,198,225,236],"secure":[7,199],"image":[8,55,123,206],"transmission,":[9],"we":[10],"propose":[11],"a":[12,143],"multi-image":[13,200],"computational":[14],"ghost":[15],"imaging":[16],"(CGI)-based":[17],"encryption":[18,59,100],"scheme":[19,195,213],"that":[20,192,211],"integrates":[21],"compressed":[22,117,157],"sensing":[23],"(CS),":[24],"block":[25,84,178],"scrambling,":[26],"dynamic-salt-driven":[28],"bidirectional":[29,62],"XOR":[30,63,166],"diffusion.":[31],"First,":[32],"multiple":[33],"images":[34],"are":[35,119],"partitioned":[36],"into":[37,128],"8":[38,40],"\u00d7":[39],"pixel":[41,83],"blocks,":[42],"their":[44],"spatial":[45],"structure":[46],"is":[47,85,125,150,168],"disrupted":[48],"through":[49,104],"random":[50],"scrambling.":[51],"The":[52],"scrambled":[53],"composite":[54,162],"then":[56,169],"undergoes":[57],"pixel-level":[58,174],"via":[60],"two-round":[61],"diffusion,":[64,175],"using":[65,180],"session-unique":[66],"keys":[67],"derived":[68],"from":[69,155],"SHA-256-based":[70],"dynamic":[71],"salt,":[72],"eliminating":[73],"the":[74,78,109,112,116,121,133,136,156,160,173,181,186,193,212],"statistical":[75,234],"characteristics":[76],"of":[77],"original":[79,122,187],"images.":[80,188],"Subsequently,":[81],"each":[82],"subjected":[86],"to":[87,171,184],"both":[88],"Gaussian":[89],"CS":[90],"Hadamard-based":[92],"CGI":[93],"measurements":[94,118],"in":[95],"parallel,":[96],"achieving":[97],"dual-mode":[98],"compressive":[99],"enhancing":[102],"robustness":[103],"measurement":[105,130],"redundancy.":[106],"Finally,":[107],"only":[108],"scrambling":[110,182],"key,":[111,114],"XOR-diffusion":[113],"stored;":[120],"information":[124],"thus":[126],"transformed":[127],"unrecognizable":[129],"data.":[131],"During":[132],"decryption":[134],"process,":[135],"Fast":[137],"Iterative":[138],"Shrinkage-Thresholding":[139],"Algorithm":[140],"(FISTA)":[141],"with":[142],"Discrete":[144],"Cosine":[145],"Transform":[146],"(DCT)":[147],"sparse":[148],"basis":[149],"employed":[151],"for":[152],"dual-sparse":[153],"reconstruction":[154],"measurements,":[158],"recovering":[159],"encrypted":[161],"image.":[163],"An":[164],"inverse":[165],"operation":[167],"applied":[170],"remove":[172],"followed":[176],"by":[177],"reordering":[179],"key":[183,216],"restore":[185],"Experimental":[189],"results":[190],"demonstrate":[191],"proposed":[194],"enables":[196],"efficient":[197],"transmission":[201],"while":[202],"maintaining":[203],"decrypted":[205],"quality.":[207],"Security":[208],"analysis":[209,224],"indicates":[210],"possesses":[214],"sensitivity,":[217],"effectively":[218],"resisting":[219],"chosen-plaintext":[220],"attacks.":[221],"Histogram":[222],"uniformity":[223],"cropping":[226],"attack":[227],"resistance":[228],"experiments":[229],"further":[230],"confirm":[231],"its":[232],"excellent":[233],"security":[235],"robustness.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}