{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131662432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17030224","title":"Landmark-Guided Gaze Estimation via Conditional Keypoint Generation and Cross-Attention Fusion","display_name":"Landmark-Guided Gaze Estimation via Conditional Keypoint Generation and Cross-Attention Fusion","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131662432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17030224"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17030224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17030224","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/3/224/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/3/224/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101552980","display_name":"Guanghui Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2910-9870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanghui Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054482220","display_name":"Xiaoyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8414-1449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100297589","display_name":"Wanli Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanli Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126913203","display_name":"Zhongjie Mao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089621","display_name":"Chizhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/007cx7r28","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089621"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099912","display_name":"Wuhan Science and Technology Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/016s74507","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099912"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongjie Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, Chizhou University, Chizhou 247000, China","Wuhan HomeLightyear Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430061, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, Chizhou University, Chizhou 247000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089621"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan HomeLightyear Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126901028","display_name":"Yue Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yue Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Construction, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Construction, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I196699116"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126918794","display_name":"Duantengchuan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Duantengchuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030596100","display_name":"Liangshan Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8639-1075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangshan Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126901028","https://openalex.org/A5126918794"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116","https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":36.8522,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99008733,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"224","last_page":"224"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.7164000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.593500018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5001000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.4749000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuse","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","score":0.45719999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.45590001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4004000127315521}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7448999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7391999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.7164000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.593500018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5307000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5001000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.4749000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141353440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182221","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","level":2,"score":0.45719999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45590001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3034000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17030224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17030224","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/3/224/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b52beb8f85f40cbad424ba4b6177ae2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b52beb8f85f40cbad424ba4b6177ae2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 17, Iss 3, p 224 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17030224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17030224","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/3/224/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6563000619","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62307034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7131662432.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7131662432.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027879843","https://openalex.org/W2042906110","https://openalex.org/W2136773441","https://openalex.org/W2299591120","https://openalex.org/W2557669140","https://openalex.org/W2765629358","https://openalex.org/W2796850409","https://openalex.org/W2884915206","https://openalex.org/W2897890508","https://openalex.org/W2903918834","https://openalex.org/W2921627265","https://openalex.org/W2998355285","https://openalex.org/W3162748909","https://openalex.org/W4312996499","https://openalex.org/W4379931686","https://openalex.org/W4385977014","https://openalex.org/W4386883051","https://openalex.org/W4389766832","https://openalex.org/W4390190649","https://openalex.org/W4400454653","https://openalex.org/W4402916560","https://openalex.org/W4408173851","https://openalex.org/W4413196307"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"gaze":[1,28,39,44],"estimation,":[2],"existing":[3,142],"mainstream":[4],"methods":[5,143],"face":[6],"significant":[7],"challenges":[8],"in":[9,18],"capturing":[10],"the":[11,19,37,70,101,105,127,132],"fine-grained":[12],"structures":[13],"of":[14,21],"eye":[15],"regions,":[16],"particularly":[17],"absence":[20],"explicit":[22],"geometric":[23,53],"prior":[24,54],"information,":[25],"which":[26,50],"hampers":[27],"prediction":[29],"accuracy.":[30],"To":[31],"address":[32],"this":[33,151],"limitation,":[34],"we":[35,81,113],"propose":[36,114],"landmark-guided":[38],"estimation":[40,45,58],"network":[41],"(LGNet),":[42],"a":[43,75,83,92,115],"method":[46,62],"guided":[47],"by":[48,64],"keypoints,":[49],"effectively":[51],"incorporates":[52],"information":[55,124],"to":[56,96,121],"enhance":[57],"performance.":[59],"The":[60,148],"proposed":[61],"begins":[63],"training":[65],"an":[66],"eye-keypoint":[67],"generator":[68],"on":[69,144],"synthetic":[71],"UnityEyes":[72],"dataset":[73],"using":[74,110],"Conditional":[76],"Variational":[77],"Autoencoder":[78],"(CVAE).":[79],"Next,":[80],"introduce":[82],"Symmetric":[84],"Spatial":[85],"Feature":[86],"Fusion":[87],"module":[88,119],"(SSFF),":[89],"combined":[90],"with":[91],"dual-stream":[93],"cross-attention":[94],"mechanism,":[95],"achieve":[97],"semantic":[98],"alignment":[99],"between":[100],"keypoint":[102],"features":[103,108],"and":[104,125],"facial":[106],"image":[107],"extracted":[109],"ResNet50.":[111],"Furthermore,":[112],"Gated":[116],"Channel":[117],"Reweighting":[118],"(GCR)":[120],"suppress":[122],"redundant":[123],"amplify":[126],"critical":[128],"features,":[129],"thereby":[130],"enhancing":[131],"model\u2019s":[133],"overall":[134],"response.":[135],"Experimental":[136],"results":[137],"demonstrate":[138],"that":[139],"LGNet":[140],"outperforms":[141],"three":[145],"benchmark":[146],"datasets.":[147],"code":[149],"for":[150],"research":[152],"has":[153],"been":[154],"made":[155],"publicly":[156],"available.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-30T08:08:38.191290","created_date":"2026-02-27T00:00:00"}