{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125900025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17020124","title":"Revisiting a Proof of Security for the SM2 Key Exchange Protocol","display_name":"Revisiting a Proof of Security for the SM2 Key Exchange Protocol","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125900025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17020124"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17020124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17020124","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/2/124/pdf?version=1769684365","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/2/124/pdf?version=1769684365","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088404530","display_name":"Qianying Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3246-9474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327237609","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianying Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450002, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3246-9474","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuting Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2379-0767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuting Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2379-0767","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shijun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6801-508X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shijun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6801-508X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11413721,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"124","last_page":"124"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9406999945640564,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9406999945640564,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.03099999949336052,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-exchange","display_name":"Key exchange","score":0.7922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.645799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5679000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authenticated-key-exchange","display_name":"Authenticated Key Exchange","score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4677000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-agreement-protocol","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","score":0.4578999876976013}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.7922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6805999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6617000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.645799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5679000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777572472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825878","display_name":"Authenticated Key Exchange","level":5,"score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4677000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135530808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3306713","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","level":5,"score":0.4578999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126266803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7074169","display_name":"Oakley protocol","level":5,"score":0.43560001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130881749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586894","display_name":"Security association","level":5,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.3440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189693848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031064","display_name":"Information exchange","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160333310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398153","display_name":"Key distribution","level":4,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165751822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7894118","display_name":"Universal composability","level":4,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17020124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17020124","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/2/124/pdf?version=1769684365","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d0ce70943a694e2691064b4401c81414","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d0ce70943a694e2691064b4401c81414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 17, Iss 2, p 124 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17020124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17020124","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/2/124/pdf?version=1769684365","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4503883719444275,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2563527578","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KLCS20240206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G392225649","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272322","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4465782642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372311; 62272458; 62272323; 62272322; 62372312","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6570050552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272323","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125900025.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125900025.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"SM2":[1,78,103,129],"key":[2,79,104,130],"exchange":[3,80,105,131],"protocol,":[4,106],"proposed":[5],"by":[6,31],"the":[7,77,83,102,109,124,128],"Chinese":[8],"State":[9],"Cryptography":[10],"Administration":[11],"and":[12,35,53],"adopted":[13,52],"as":[14,42],"a":[15,56,61,74,97],"national":[16],"standard,":[17],"is":[18,92],"extensively":[19],"deployed":[20],"in":[21,82,115],"commercial":[22],"applications":[23],"across":[24],"China.":[25],"It":[26],"has":[27],"also":[28],"been":[29],"incorporated":[30],"global":[32],"industrial":[33],"organizations":[34],"integrated":[36],"into":[37],"numerous":[38],"international":[39],"products,":[40],"such":[41,73],"TPM.":[43],"Today,":[44],"any":[45,116],"cryptographic":[46],"protocol":[47,81,110],"aspiring":[48],"to":[49,70],"become":[50],"widely":[51],"standardized":[54],"requires":[55],"rigorous":[57],"security":[58,63,118,125],"proof":[59,75,91],"within":[60],"modern":[62],"model.":[64],"Although":[65],"Yang":[66],"et":[67],"al.":[68],"claimed":[69],"have":[71],"established":[72],"for":[76],"Bellare\u2013Rogaway":[84],"(BR)":[85],"model,":[86],"we":[87,95],"show":[88],"that":[89,108],"their":[90],"flawed.":[93],"Moreover,":[94],"present":[96],"group":[98],"representation":[99],"attack":[100],"against":[101],"illustrating":[107],"cannot":[111],"be":[112],"proven":[113],"secure":[114],"contemporary":[117],"models.":[119],"Our":[120],"findings":[121],"thus":[122],"delineate":[123],"boundary":[126],"of":[127],"protocol.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-01-29T00:00:00"}