{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7122755041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17010076","title":"SD-CVD Corpus: Towards Robust Detection of Fine-Grained Cyber-Violence Across Saudi Dialects in Online Platforms","display_name":"SD-CVD Corpus: Towards Robust Detection of Fine-Grained Cyber-Violence Across Saudi Dialects in Online Platforms","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7122755041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17010076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17010076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17010076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/1/76/pdf?version=1768211652","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/1/76/pdf?version=1768211652","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093973351","display_name":"Abrar Alsayed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abrar Alsayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117625817","display_name":"Salma Elhag","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salma Elhag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1710-9286","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122840615","display_name":"Sahar Badri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sahar Badri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3018-048X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093973351"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06001893,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"76","last_page":"76"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9347000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9347000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.022600000724196434,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.005799999926239252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5771999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5697000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.546500027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4607999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.38269999623298645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6723999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5771999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5697000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.546500027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4607999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3783999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9679016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417473","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","level":2,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17010076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17010076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/1/76/pdf?version=1768211652","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5447400b142d4647a22939df4f432ee8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5447400b142d4647a22939df4f432ee8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 17, Iss 1, p 76 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17010076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17010076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/1/76/pdf?version=1768211652","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.7701272964477539,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7122755041.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7122755041.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2767566483","https://openalex.org/W3126181281","https://openalex.org/W3162081070","https://openalex.org/W3176632303","https://openalex.org/W3189374329","https://openalex.org/W3193450957","https://openalex.org/W3204775905","https://openalex.org/W4200509736","https://openalex.org/W4282837590","https://openalex.org/W4285412986","https://openalex.org/W4321373414","https://openalex.org/W4380757873","https://openalex.org/W4382628517","https://openalex.org/W4384461115","https://openalex.org/W4385723172","https://openalex.org/W4386130430","https://openalex.org/W4388197554","https://openalex.org/W4391970070","https://openalex.org/W4393439728","https://openalex.org/W4393639069","https://openalex.org/W4399177229","https://openalex.org/W4399528455","https://openalex.org/W4401764787","https://openalex.org/W4402124178","https://openalex.org/W4402671169","https://openalex.org/W4404851265","https://openalex.org/W4409662530","https://openalex.org/W4412962348","https://openalex.org/W4414193572"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"Saudi":[3,27],"Dialects":[4],"Cyber":[5],"Violence":[6],"Detection":[7],"(SD-CVD)":[8],"corpus,":[9],"a":[10,32,87,177],"large-scale,":[11],"class-balanced":[12],"Saudi-dialect":[13],"corpus":[14],"for":[15],"fine-grained":[16],"cyber":[17,78],"violence":[18,79],"detection":[19],"on":[20,128,187],"online":[21],"platforms.":[22],"The":[23],"dataset":[24],"contains":[25],"88,687":[26],"Arabic":[28,77,191],"tweets":[29],"annotated":[30],"using":[31],"three-level":[33],"hierarchical":[34],"scheme":[35],"that":[36,145],"assigns":[37],"each":[38],"tweet":[39],"to":[40,59,85,183],"one":[41],"of":[42],"11":[43],"mutually":[44],"exclusive":[45],"classes,":[46],"covering":[47],"benign":[48],"sentiment":[49],"(positive,":[50],"neutral,":[51],"negative),":[52],"cyberbullying,":[53],"and":[54,67,116,136,180,189],"seven":[55],"hate-speech":[56],"subtypes":[57],"(incitement":[58],"violence,":[60],"gender,":[61],"national,":[62],"social":[63],"class,":[64],"tribal,":[65],"religious,":[66],"regional":[68],"discrimination).":[69],"To":[70],"mitigate":[71],"the":[72,152],"class":[73,89],"imbalance":[74],"common":[75],"in":[76],"datasets,":[80],"data":[81],"augmentation":[82],"was":[83,93],"applied":[84],"achieve":[86],"near-uniform":[88],"distribution.":[90],"Annotation":[91],"quality":[92],"ensured":[94],"through":[95],"multi-stage":[96],"review,":[97],"yielding":[98],"excellent":[99],"inter-annotator":[100],"agreement":[101],"(Fleiss\u2019":[102],"\u03ba":[103],"&gt;":[104],"0.89).":[105],"We":[106],"evaluate":[107],"three":[108],"modeling":[109],"paradigms:":[110],"traditional":[111],"machine":[112],"learning":[113,125],"with":[114,149],"TF\u2013IDF":[115],"n-gram":[117],"features":[118],"(SVM,":[119],"logistic":[120],"regression,":[121],"random":[122],"forest),":[123],"deep":[124],"models":[126,139],"trained":[127],"fixed":[129],"sentence":[130],"embeddings":[131],"(LSTM,":[132],"RNN,":[133],"MLP,":[134],"CNN),":[135],"fine-tuned":[137],"transformer":[138],"(AraBERTv02-Twitter,":[140],"CAMeLBERT-MSA).":[141],"Experimental":[142],"results":[143],"show":[144],"transformers":[146],"perform":[147],"best,":[148],"AraBERTv02-Twitter":[150],"achieving":[151],"highest":[153],"weighted":[154],"F1-score":[155],"(0.882)":[156],"followed":[157],"by":[158],"CAMeLBERT-MSA":[159],"(0.869).":[160],"Among":[161],"non-transformer":[162],"baselines,":[163],"SVM":[164],"is":[165],"most":[166],"competitive":[167],"(0.853),":[168],"while":[169],"CNN":[170],"performs":[171],"worst":[172],"(0.561).":[173],"Overall,":[174],"SD-CVD":[175],"provides":[176],"high-quality":[178],"benchmark":[179],"strong":[181],"baselines":[182],"support":[184],"future":[185],"research":[186],"robust":[188],"interpretable":[190],"cyber-violence":[192],"detection.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-01-13T00:00:00"}
