{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417491970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17010001","title":"Integrating Model-Driven Engineering and Large Language Models for Test Scenario Generation for Smart Contracts","display_name":"Integrating Model-Driven Engineering and Large Language Models for Test Scenario Generation for Smart Contracts","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417491970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17010001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/1/1/pdf?version=1766134815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/1/1/pdf?version=1766134815","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067093386","display_name":"Issam Al-Azzoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-8145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161913731","display_name":"Al Ain University","ror":"https://ror.org/023abrt21","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Issam Al-Azzoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-8145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101714379","display_name":"Saqib Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8311-6129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161913731","display_name":"Al Ain University","ror":"https://ror.org/023abrt21","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saqib Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8311-6129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120855308","display_name":"Taymour Al Ashkar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161913731","display_name":"Al Ain University","ror":"https://ror.org/023abrt21","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taymour Al Ashkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027268545","display_name":"Zobia Erum","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zobia Erum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Data Science, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B5 5JU, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Data Science, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B5 5JU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067093386"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39335347,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.15160000324249268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.15160000324249268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.09080000221729279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.06830000132322311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.7105000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.5356000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5238000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.43939998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-based-testing","display_name":"Model-based testing","score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-management-approach","display_name":"Test Management Approach","score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-under-test","display_name":"System under test","score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modeling-language","display_name":"Modeling language","score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-control","display_name":"Access control","score":0.3303000032901764}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.7105000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6485000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.6051999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.5356000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5238000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43939998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165825675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399743","display_name":"Model-based testing","level":4,"score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7435765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705776","display_name":"Test Management Approach","level":5,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108913964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2376856","display_name":"System under test","level":4,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109852812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2406355","display_name":"Test harness","level":5,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107683887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782466","display_name":"Integration testing","level":3,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80519477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532236","display_name":"Scenario testing","level":3,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76844732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4072285","display_name":"Conformance testing","level":3,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201677973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209840","display_name":"Specification language","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188598960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705805","display_name":"Test strategy","level":3,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162443782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066228","display_name":"White-box testing","level":5,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182122060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6752328","display_name":"Manual testing","level":5,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7166840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199682","display_name":"System testing","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778763806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826572","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","level":4,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/1/1/pdf?version=1766134815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8fc0ef22c3ab420c83520fe4fca87eed","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8fc0ef22c3ab420c83520fe4fca87eed","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 17, Iss 1, p 1 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info17010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info17010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/17/1/1/pdf?version=1766134815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417491970.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417491970.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2412866455","https://openalex.org/W2795224459","https://openalex.org/W3217631598","https://openalex.org/W4304208391","https://openalex.org/W4388214646","https://openalex.org/W4389543504","https://openalex.org/W4389606799","https://openalex.org/W4391848838","https://openalex.org/W4391974543","https://openalex.org/W4400484392","https://openalex.org/W4401502677","https://openalex.org/W4402443961","https://openalex.org/W4402977990","https://openalex.org/W4403648275","https://openalex.org/W4404101720","https://openalex.org/W4405441291","https://openalex.org/W4405671536","https://openalex.org/W4409163756","https://openalex.org/W4411271549","https://openalex.org/W4415325524","https://openalex.org/W4417250777"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1,108],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4],"demonstrated":[5],"significant":[6],"potential":[7,161],"in":[8,49,104,156,176],"transforming":[9],"software":[10],"testing":[11,164],"by":[12],"automating":[13],"tasks":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16,58],"test":[17,40,66,86,96,136],"case":[18,41],"generation.":[19],"In":[20],"this":[21,146,157],"work,":[22],"we":[23,80,130],"explore":[24],"the":[25,37,50,63,82,132,141,151],"integration":[26],"of":[27,39,52,65,84,153],"LLMs":[28,155],"within":[29],"a":[30,121],"Model-Driven":[31],"Engineering":[32],"(MDE)":[33],"approach":[34],"to":[35,72,144,162],"enhance":[36],"automation":[38,137],"generation":[42,64],"for":[43,125],"smart":[44,112,127,177],"contracts.":[45],"Our":[46,148],"focus":[47],"lies":[48],"use":[51],"Role-Based":[53],"Access":[54],"Control":[55],"(RBAC)":[56],"models":[57],"formal":[59],"specifications":[60,175],"that":[61,88,119],"guide":[62],"scenarios.":[67],"By":[68],"leveraging":[69],"LLMs\u2019":[70],"ability":[71],"interpret":[73],"both":[74],"natural":[75],"language":[76],"and":[77,139,169],"model":[78],"artifacts,":[79],"enable":[81],"derivation":[83],"model-based":[85],"cases":[87,97],"align":[89],"with":[90,134,172],"specified":[91],"access":[92,173],"control":[93,174],"policies.":[94],"These":[95],"are":[98],"subsequently":[99],"translated":[100],"into":[101],"executable":[102],"code":[103],"Digital":[105],"Asset":[106],"Modeling":[107],"(DAML)":[109],"targeting":[110],"blockchain-based":[111],"contract":[113,128,178],"platforms.":[114],"Building":[115],"on":[116],"prior":[117],"research":[118],"established":[120],"complete":[122],"MDE":[123],"pipeline":[124],"DAML":[126],"development,":[129],"extend":[131],"framework":[133],"LLM-supported":[135],"capabilities":[138],"implement":[140],"necessary":[142],"tooling":[143],"support":[145],"integration.":[147],"evaluation":[149],"demonstrates":[150],"feasibility":[152],"using":[154],"context,":[158],"highlighting":[159],"their":[160],"improve":[163],"coverage,":[165],"reduce":[166],"manual":[167],"effort,":[168],"ensure":[170],"conformance":[171],"systems.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-12-19T00:00:00"}
