{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417197102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121095","title":"AI-Assisted OSINT/SOCMINT for Safeguarding Borders: A Systematic Review","display_name":"AI-Assisted OSINT/SOCMINT for Safeguarding Borders: A Systematic Review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417197102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121095"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16121095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121095","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/12/1095/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/12/1095/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093204410","display_name":"Alexandros Karakikes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1152-7065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexandros Karakikes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Lab (i-Lab), Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1152-7065","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Lab (i-Lab), Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026253993","display_name":"Konstantinos Kotis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7838-9691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Kotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Lab (i-Lab), Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7838-9691","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Lab (i-Lab), Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026253993","https://openalex.org/A5093204410"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23070175,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"12","first_page":"1095","last_page":"1095"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13055","display_name":"Global Security and Public Health","score":0.13500000536441803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13055","display_name":"Global Security and Public Health","score":0.13500000536441803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11755","display_name":"Transboundary Water Resource Management","score":0.05510000139474869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14133","display_name":"Border Security and International Relations","score":0.026000000536441803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safeguarding","display_name":"Safeguarding","score":0.7942000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformative-learning","display_name":"Transformative learning","score":0.5964000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.5400999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realm","display_name":"Realm","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","score":0.45339998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.4438000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grey-literature","display_name":"Grey literature","score":0.40630000829696655}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776743756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5097921","display_name":"Safeguarding","level":2,"score":0.7942000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.5964000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.5400999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778757428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250464","display_name":"Realm","level":2,"score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.45339998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.4438000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61904560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148359","display_name":"Grey literature","level":3,"score":0.40630000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.37689998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517642484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388514","display_name":"Intelligence analysis","level":2,"score":0.3361000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137176749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337","display_name":"Psychological resilience","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40046163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3268831","display_name":"Intelligence cycle","level":3,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16121095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121095","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/12/1095/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.17605/osf.io/kr5as","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/kr5as","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a835433928964f469f05c55a274cc0d2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a835433928964f469f05c55a274cc0d2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 12, p 1095 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16121095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121095","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/12/1095/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417197102.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417197102.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998008667","https://openalex.org/W2811973125","https://openalex.org/W2898809048","https://openalex.org/W2899136066","https://openalex.org/W2974287534","https://openalex.org/W2982071190","https://openalex.org/W3011458464","https://openalex.org/W3020862983","https://openalex.org/W3107928073","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3128899300","https://openalex.org/W3185409382","https://openalex.org/W3209615367","https://openalex.org/W3213556453","https://openalex.org/W4281723168","https://openalex.org/W4285260057","https://openalex.org/W4289516857","https://openalex.org/W4296709970","https://openalex.org/W4313476033","https://openalex.org/W4318305677","https://openalex.org/W4318355343","https://openalex.org/W4319736177","https://openalex.org/W4378980336","https://openalex.org/W4387457033","https://openalex.org/W4387928582","https://openalex.org/W4388348728","https://openalex.org/W4388893458","https://openalex.org/W4391698290","https://openalex.org/W4391769864","https://openalex.org/W4392475755","https://openalex.org/W4392934849","https://openalex.org/W4392980639","https://openalex.org/W4394789393","https://openalex.org/W4394863143","https://openalex.org/W4396736206","https://openalex.org/W4396844317","https://openalex.org/W4397294306","https://openalex.org/W4399129673","https://openalex.org/W4399363372","https://openalex.org/W4399704837","https://openalex.org/W4399951399","https://openalex.org/W4400003212","https://openalex.org/W4400481840","https://openalex.org/W4401534858","https://openalex.org/W4401983354","https://openalex.org/W4403280867","https://openalex.org/W4403329963","https://openalex.org/W4403688570","https://openalex.org/W4404030840","https://openalex.org/W4404854115","https://openalex.org/W4405186285","https://openalex.org/W4405649435","https://openalex.org/W4406768586","https://openalex.org/W4407240525","https://openalex.org/W4408909124","https://openalex.org/W4410583462","https://openalex.org/W4410928474","https://openalex.org/W4411565511","https://openalex.org/W4413248461","https://openalex.org/W4416259018","https://openalex.org/W7083673733"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,8,31,84,94,97,127,136,209],"highly":[2],"volatile":[3],"realm":[4],"of":[5,33,101,195],"global":[6],"security,":[7],"necessity":[9],"for":[10,45,105,223],"leading-edge":[11],"and":[12,40,61,72,77,99,112,115,120,133,148,156,171,186,190,199,232,240],"effectual":[13],"border":[14,47,106,224],"resilience":[15],"tactics":[16],"has":[17],"never":[18],"been":[19],"more":[20],"imperative.":[21],"This":[22],"PRISMA":[23],"2020":[24],"guided":[25],"systematic":[26,50],"literature":[27,63],"review":[28],"(SLR)":[29],"examines":[30],"intersection":[32],"artificial":[34],"intelligence":[35,38,43,174],"(AI),":[36],"open-source":[37],"(OSINT),":[39],"social":[41],"media":[42],"(SOCMINT)":[44],"enhancing":[46],"protection.":[48],"Our":[49],"investigation":[51],"across":[52],"major":[53],"databases":[54],"(IEEE":[55],"Xplore,":[56],"Scopus,":[57],"SpringerLink,":[58],"MDPI,":[59],"ACM)":[60],"grey":[62],"sources":[64],"yielded":[65],"3932":[66],"initial":[67],"records":[68],"and,":[69],"after":[70],"screening":[71],"eligibility":[73],"assessment,":[74],"73":[75],"studies":[76],"reports":[78],"from":[79,144],"acknowledged":[80],"organizations,":[81],"contributing":[82],"to":[83,153],"evidence":[85],"synthesis.":[86],"Three":[87],"research":[88,234],"questions":[89],"(RQ1\u2013RQ3)":[90],"were":[91],"addressed":[92],"concerning":[93],"following:":[95],"(a)":[96],"effectiveness":[98],"application":[100],"AI":[102,142],"in":[103,164],"OSINT/SOCMINT":[104,219],"protection,":[107],"its":[108,116],"(b)":[109],"data,":[110],"technical,":[111],"operational":[113],"limitations,":[114],"(c)":[117],"ethical,":[118],"legal,":[119],"societal":[121,191],"implications":[122],"(GELSI).":[123],"Evidence":[124],"matrices":[125],"summarize":[126],"findings,":[128],"while":[129],"narrative":[130],"syntheses":[131],"underline":[132],"thematically":[134],"group":[135],"extracted":[137],"insights.":[138],"Results":[139],"indicate":[140],"that":[141],"techniques\u2014fluctuating":[143],"machine":[145],"learning":[146],"(ML)":[147],"natural":[149],"language":[150,159],"processing":[151],"(NLP)":[152],"computer":[154],"vision":[155],"emerging":[157],"large":[158],"models":[160],"(LLMs)\u2014produce":[161],"quantifiable":[162],"improvements":[163],"forecasting":[165],"irregular":[166],"migration,":[167],"detecting":[168],"human":[169],"trafficking,":[170],"supporting":[172],"multimodal":[173],"fusion.":[175],"However,":[176],"limitations":[177],"include":[178],"misinformation,":[179],"data":[180],"bias,":[181],"adversarial":[182],"vulnerabilities,":[183],"governance":[184],"deficits,":[185],"sandbox-to-production":[187],"gaps.":[188],"Ethical":[189],"concerns":[192],"highlight":[193],"risks":[194],"surveillance":[196],"overreach,":[197],"discrimination,":[198],"insufficient":[200],"oversight,":[201],"among":[202],"others.":[203],"To":[204],"our":[205],"knowledge,":[206],"this":[207,213],"is":[208],"first":[210],"SLR":[211],"at":[212],"intersection.":[214],"We":[215],"conclude":[216],"that,":[217],"AI-assisted":[218],"presents":[220],"transformative":[221],"potential":[222],"protection":[225],"requiring,":[226],"nonetheless,":[227],"balanced":[228],"governance,":[229],"robust":[230],"validation,":[231],"future":[233],"on":[235],"LLM/agentic":[236],"AI,":[237],"human\u2013AI":[238],"teaming,":[239],"oversight":[241],"mechanisms.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00"}
