{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7108516635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121076","title":"Knowledge Integrity in Large Language Models: A State-of-The-Art Review","display_name":"Knowledge Integrity in Large Language Models: A State-of-The-Art Review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7108516635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16121076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/12/1076/pdf?version=1764858818","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/12/1076/pdf?version=1764858818","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Vadivel Abishethvarman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5069-6974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I908128300","display_name":"Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/045vwzt11","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I908128300"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vadivel Abishethvarman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Information Systems, Faculty of Computing, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya 70140, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5069-6974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Information Systems, Faculty of Computing, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya 70140, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I908128300"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fariza Sabrina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8455-2499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74899385","display_name":"Central Queensland University","ror":"https://ror.org/023q4bk22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74899385"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fariza Sabrina","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8455-2499","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74899385"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Paul Kwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4959-5274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74899385","display_name":"Central Queensland University","ror":"https://ror.org/023q4bk22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74899385"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Kwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4959-5274","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74899385"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74899385"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.4476,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86551969,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"12","first_page":"1076","last_page":"1076"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.19380000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.19380000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.17000000178813934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.1589999943971634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credibility","display_name":"Credibility","score":0.6541000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integrity","display_name":"Data integrity","score":0.5188000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.45320001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.43630000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rubric","display_name":"Rubric","score":0.3488999903202057}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6934000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.6541000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.5188000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.45320001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.43630000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4178999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111640148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847349","display_name":"Rubric","level":2,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105002631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4833645","display_name":"Subject-matter expert","level":3,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75701414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1651672","display_name":"Boilerplate text","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16121076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/12/1076/pdf?version=1764858818","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a98f6761ea61417a840ab982540a8511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a98f6761ea61417a840ab982540a8511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 12, p 1076 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16121076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/12/1076/pdf?version=1764858818","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4497668743133545}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7108516635.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7108516635.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1921578697","https://openalex.org/W1982170224","https://openalex.org/W2810840719","https://openalex.org/W3015735225","https://openalex.org/W3034368386","https://openalex.org/W3040455184","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W4327522797","https://openalex.org/W4381572755","https://openalex.org/W4391136507","https://openalex.org/W4392353733","https://openalex.org/W4393867173","https://openalex.org/W4399074909","https://openalex.org/W4399750638","https://openalex.org/W4400207786","https://openalex.org/W4400484321","https://openalex.org/W4400524584","https://openalex.org/W4400526764","https://openalex.org/W4400682237","https://openalex.org/W4401023665","https://openalex.org/W4401039804","https://openalex.org/W4401386758","https://openalex.org/W4402442681","https://openalex.org/W4402667003","https://openalex.org/W4402670692","https://openalex.org/W4402673636","https://openalex.org/W4404105782","https://openalex.org/W4404515031","https://openalex.org/W4404782022","https://openalex.org/W4404782184","https://openalex.org/W4404782813","https://openalex.org/W4404782818","https://openalex.org/W4404791712","https://openalex.org/W4406456706","https://openalex.org/W4406963231","https://openalex.org/W4407414076","https://openalex.org/W4407953206","https://openalex.org/W4408226143","https://openalex.org/W4409206472","https://openalex.org/W4412944320","https://openalex.org/W4412945285","https://openalex.org/W4413978037","https://openalex.org/W4414198429","https://openalex.org/W4414359777","https://openalex.org/W4416033994","https://openalex.org/W4416167366"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1,48],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4],"emerging":[5],"technologies":[6],"and":[7,25,63,67,91,112,122,149,163,195,218,226,244,265],"a":[8,19,30,85],"growing":[9],"research":[10],"trend":[11],"in":[12,46,84,99,115,156,259,263,267],"Artificial":[13],"General":[14],"Intelligence":[15],"(AGI),":[16],"which":[17,152],"envisions":[18],"future":[20],"where":[21],"machines":[22],"can":[23,247],"think":[24],"learn":[26],"like":[27],"humans":[28],"across":[29],"wide":[31],"range":[32],"of":[33,43,61,70,82,97,199,208,232,251],"tasks.":[34,51],"Information":[35],"generated":[36,54,200],"by":[37,171],"LLMs":[38,83,98,159],"is":[39,56,88,102,203],"essentially":[40],"the":[41,53,80,95,197,206,209,212,230,233,249],"prediction":[42],"next":[44],"tokens":[45],"Natural":[47],"Processing":[49],"(NLP)":[50],"However,":[52,125],"content":[55,72],"always":[57],"subject":[58],"to":[59,109,133,177],"issues":[60],"truthfulness":[62],"hallucinations.":[64,190],"The":[65],"information":[66,111],"knowledge":[68,113,135,145,173,186,240],"integrity":[69,81,114,192],"LLM-generated":[71,234],"therefore":[73],"remains":[74],"subjective.":[75],"Exploring":[76],"recent":[77],"literature":[78],"on":[79,141],"systematic":[86],"manner":[87],"both":[89],"timely":[90],"essential.":[92],"Moreover,":[93],"ensuring":[94,157,229],"reliability":[96,250],"real-world":[100],"applications":[101],"critical.":[103],"Various":[104],"approaches":[105],"have":[106],"been":[107],"explored":[108],"promote":[110],"LLMs,":[116],"including":[117],"adversarial":[118],"training,":[119],"data":[120,224],"augmentation,":[121],"calibration":[123],"methods.":[124],"beyond":[126],"these":[127],"techniques,":[128],"other":[129],"strategies":[130],"also":[131],"contribute":[132],"maintaining":[134],"integrity.":[136,187],"This":[137,188,236],"paper":[138],"specifically":[139],"focuses":[140],"three":[142],"such":[143,222],"approaches:":[144],"distillation,":[146,241],"semantic":[147,242],"integrity,":[148,243],"provenance":[150,245],"tracking,":[151],"play":[153],"essential":[154,182],"roles":[155],"that":[158,239],"generate":[160],"accurate,":[161],"consistent,":[162],"trustworthy":[164],"information.":[165],"Knowledge":[166],"distillation":[167],"enhances":[168],"model":[169],"efficiency":[170],"transferring":[172],"from":[174],"larger":[175],"models":[176],"smaller":[178],"ones":[179],"while":[180],"preserving":[181],"learning":[183],"without":[184],"compromising":[185],"reduces":[189],"Semantic":[191],"safeguards":[193],"consistency":[194],"strengthens":[196],"robustness":[198],"outputs.":[201],"It":[202],"concurrently":[204],"checking":[205],"meaningfulness":[207],"outputs":[210],"with":[211,254],"context.":[213],"Provenance":[214],"tracking":[215,246],"improves":[216],"transparency":[217],"trustworthiness":[219],"through":[220],"mechanisms":[221],"as":[223],"lineage":[225],"explainability,":[227],"thereby":[228],"credibility":[231],"responses.":[235],"review":[237],"suggests":[238],"enhance":[248],"LLM":[252],"outputs,":[253],"prior":[255],"studies":[256],"reporting":[257],"reductions":[258],"hallucination":[260],"rates,":[261],"improvements":[262],"robustness,":[264],"gains":[266],"factual":[268],"consistency.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-12-04T00:00:00"}
