{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416848236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121039","title":"Fairness-Aware Intelligent Reinforcement (FAIR): An AI-Powered Hospital Scheduling Framework","display_name":"Fairness-Aware Intelligent Reinforcement (FAIR): An AI-Powered Hospital Scheduling Framework","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416848236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121039"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16121039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121039","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/12/1039/pdf?version=1764344148","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/12/1039/pdf?version=1764344148","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115720226","display_name":"Ruba Abualrous","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186129607","display_name":"Canadian University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/029zgsn59","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruba Abualrous","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai 117781, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai 117781, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120622729","display_name":"Hala Zouzou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186129607","display_name":"Canadian University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/029zgsn59","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hala Zouzou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai 117781, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai 117781, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085798276","display_name":"Rita Zgheib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6301-8783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186129607","display_name":"Canadian University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/029zgsn59","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rita Zgheib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai 117781, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6301-8783","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai 117781, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101969413","display_name":"A S M Jahid Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8395-0145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186129607","display_name":"Canadian University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/029zgsn59","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alaa Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai 117781, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai 117781, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000969172","display_name":"Bilal Hijazi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186129607","display_name":"Canadian University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/029zgsn59","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bilal Hijazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai 117781, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai 117781, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120622731","display_name":"Arash Kermani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6494-414X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186129607","display_name":"Canadian University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/029zgsn59","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arash Kermani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai 117781, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6494-414X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai 117781, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085798276"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":5.2396,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95932497,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"12","first_page":"1039","last_page":"1039"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11773","display_name":"Healthcare Operations and Scheduling Optimization","score":0.8116000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11773","display_name":"Healthcare Operations and Scheduling Optimization","score":0.8116000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.025299999862909317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10974","display_name":"Advanced Queuing Theory Analysis","score":0.02500000037252903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overtime","display_name":"Overtime","score":0.6395999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.48559999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equity","display_name":"Equity (law)","score":0.47589999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queue","display_name":"Queue","score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volatility","display_name":"Volatility (finance)","score":0.3855000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780407378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667022","display_name":"Overtime","level":2,"score":0.6395999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6377000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.48559999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.47589999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160403385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220543","display_name":"Queue","level":2,"score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91602232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756115","display_name":"Volatility (finance)","level":2,"score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779119184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294350","display_name":"ALARM","level":2,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778134712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047307","display_name":"Bundle","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16121039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121039","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/12/1039/pdf?version=1764344148","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2c66b2fec6034c1f95ed00087dcae882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2c66b2fec6034c1f95ed00087dcae882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 12, p 1039 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16121039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121039","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/12/1039/pdf?version=1764344148","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416848236.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416848236.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975594532","https://openalex.org/W1979575715","https://openalex.org/W1999996900","https://openalex.org/W2011301426","https://openalex.org/W2016210396","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2116512828","https://openalex.org/W2146292423","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2610332124","https://openalex.org/W2625625371","https://openalex.org/W2896893468","https://openalex.org/W2947626232","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3003385079","https://openalex.org/W3119619095","https://openalex.org/W3216656735","https://openalex.org/W4231057675","https://openalex.org/W4389088541","https://openalex.org/W4414359423"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hospitals":[0],"must":[1],"allocate":[2],"beds":[3],"and":[4,37,44,54,63,72,92,130,156,165,176,184],"staff":[5,132],"effectively":[6],"under":[7,153],"volatile":[8],"arrival":[9],"patterns,":[10],"where":[11],"scheduling":[12],"errors":[13],"can":[14],"cause":[15],"preventable":[16],"harm.":[17],"This":[18],"study":[19],"introduces":[20],"a":[21,76],"fairness-aware,":[22],"forecast-informed":[23],"reinforcement":[24],"learning":[25],"framework":[26],"for":[27],"hospital":[28],"scheduling,":[29],"explicitly":[30],"integrating":[31],"fairness":[32,126],"constraints,":[33,162],"short-term":[34],"demand":[35,49,154],"forecasts,":[36,50],"SHAP-based":[38],"explainability.":[39],"The":[40,57,97],"state":[41],"fuses":[42],"patient":[43],"system":[45],"context":[46],"with":[47,151],"short-horizon":[48],"mean":[51,102],"arrivals":[52],"(\u03bb^),":[53],"volatility":[55],"(\u03c3^2).":[56],"reward":[58],"jointly":[59],"optimizes":[60],"efficiency,":[61],"equity,":[62],"safety":[64],"by":[65,128,134],"penalizing":[66],"waiting,":[67],"diversions/transfers,":[68],"ICU":[69,117],"misuse,":[70],"overtime,":[71],"cross-ward":[73],"disparity.":[74],"Using":[75],"benchmark-aligned":[77],"synthetic":[78],"cohort":[79],"(60k":[80],"visits":[81],"over":[82,142],"one":[83],"year),":[84],"the":[85,101,125,167],"approach":[86],"is":[87,177],"compared":[88],"against":[89],"First-Come-First-Served":[90],"(FCFS)":[91],"ablations":[93],"without":[94],"forecast":[95,137],"features.":[96],"learned":[98],"policy":[99],"halves":[100],"waiting":[103],"time":[104],"(from":[105,112,120],"215.3":[106],"to":[107,114,122,179],"102.5":[108],"min),":[109],"reduces":[110],"diversions/transfers":[111],"27.6%":[113],"7.8%),":[115],"improves":[116],"match":[118],"accuracy":[119],"93.4%":[121],"95.1%),":[123],"raises":[124],"index":[127],"45%,":[129],"cuts":[131],"overtime":[133],"56%.":[135],"Adding":[136],"signals":[138],"yields":[139],"further":[140],"gains":[141],"forecast-naive":[143],"DQN":[144],"(9%":[145],"shorter":[146],"waits;":[147],"28%":[148],"fewer":[149],"diversions/transfers),":[150],"robustness":[152],"surges":[155],"triage-mix":[157],"shifts.":[158],"By":[159],"unifying":[160],"equity":[161],"anticipatory":[163],"context,":[164],"explanation,":[166],"method":[168],"turns":[169],"reactive":[170],"queues":[171],"into":[172],"proactive,":[173],"auditable":[174],"control":[175],"extensible":[178],"perioperative":[180],"flow,":[181],"disaster":[182],"triage,":[183],"outpatient":[185],"capacity":[186],"management.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T07:44:22.658603","created_date":"2025-12-01T00:00:00"}
