{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416386454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110993","title":"An AI-Based Sensorless Force Feedback in Robot-Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery","display_name":"An AI-Based Sensorless Force Feedback in Robot-Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416386454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110993"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16110993","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110993","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/993/pdf?version=1763369631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/993/pdf?version=1763369631","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074942370","display_name":"Doina P\u00eesl\u0103","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7014-9431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33800924","display_name":"Academia Oamenilor de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 din Rom\u00e2nia","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybnj478","country_code":"RO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33800924"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Doina Pisla","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, B-dul Dacia, 26, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7014-9431","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, B-dul Dacia, 26, 030167 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33800924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004324229","display_name":"Nadim Al Hajjar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5986-1233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I208470662","display_name":"Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/051h0cw83","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I208470662"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadim Al Hajjar","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","Department of Surgery, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I208470662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028331325","display_name":"Gabriela Rus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1751-8952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriela Rus","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076200839","display_name":"C\u0103lin Popa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3566-3918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I208470662","display_name":"Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/051h0cw83","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I208470662"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Calin Popa","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","Department of Surgery, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I208470662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043172047","display_name":"Bogdan Gherman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4427-6231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bogdan Gherman","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4427-6231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054439147","display_name":"Andra Ciocan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-6428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I208470662","display_name":"Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/051h0cw83","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I208470662"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andra Ciocan","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","Department of Surgery, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-6428","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I208470662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093513381","display_name":"Andrei Cailean","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4758-0468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrei Cailean","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000608179","display_name":"Corina Radu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2984-8457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I208470662","display_name":"Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/051h0cw83","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I208470662"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corina Radu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I208470662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039524439","display_name":"Damien Chablat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7847-6162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100445878","display_name":"\u00c9cole Centrale de Nantes","ror":"https://ror.org/03nh7d505","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100445878","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97188460","display_name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/03gnr7b55","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97188460"]}],"countries":["FR","RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damien Chablat","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","Laboratory of Numerical Sciences in Nantes, Joint Research Unit 6004, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), \u00c9cole Centrale Nantes, Nantes Universit\u00e9, F-44000 Nantes, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7847-6162","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Numerical Sciences in Nantes, Joint Research Unit 6004, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), \u00c9cole Centrale Nantes, Nantes Universit\u00e9, F-44000 Nantes, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100445878","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082014108","display_name":"C\u0103lin Vaida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2822-9790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Calin Vaida","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2822-9790","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESTER\u2014Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023346520","display_name":"Anca Iordan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9853-7102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anca-Elena Iordan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400027 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9853-7102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400027 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043172047","https://openalex.org/A5082014108"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31392941,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"993","last_page":"993"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10868","display_name":"Soft Robotics and Applications","score":0.5015000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10868","display_name":"Soft Robotics and Applications","score":0.5015000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11687","display_name":"Teleoperation and Haptic Systems","score":0.2517000138759613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.07429999858140945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-technology","display_name":"Haptic technology","score":0.8359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invasive-surgery","display_name":"Invasive surgery","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5102999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.5041999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.3668999969959259}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152086174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Haptic technology","level":2,"score":0.8359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6098999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019477240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755504","display_name":"Invasive surgery","level":2,"score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5102999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.5041999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.487199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.44020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196467688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851985","display_name":"Telerobotics","level":4,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109034871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949326","display_name":"Refresh rate","level":2,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778643591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755504","display_name":"Minimally invasive procedures","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103203806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942348","display_name":"Robotic surgery","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.2703000009059906}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16110993","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110993","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/993/pdf?version=1763369631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05379455v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05379455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922466","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, 2025, 16 (11), pp.993. ⟨10.3390/info16110993⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:34367a9c8f2941a9b7976117926c6714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/34367a9c8f2941a9b7976117926c6714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 11, p 993 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16110993","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110993","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/993/pdf?version=1763369631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416386454.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416386454.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1188283","https://openalex.org/W1720752806","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2885767574","https://openalex.org/W2910922521","https://openalex.org/W3037684272","https://openalex.org/W3082276753","https://openalex.org/W3107789808","https://openalex.org/W3115519238","https://openalex.org/W3134209685","https://openalex.org/W3157145339","https://openalex.org/W3181884311","https://openalex.org/W3208835245","https://openalex.org/W3212979826","https://openalex.org/W4206727574","https://openalex.org/W4210996589","https://openalex.org/W4213296536","https://openalex.org/W4308872482","https://openalex.org/W4310880103","https://openalex.org/W4324053790","https://openalex.org/W4361275400","https://openalex.org/W4394866744","https://openalex.org/W4399055277","https://openalex.org/W4399168154","https://openalex.org/W4402274902","https://openalex.org/W4403022311","https://openalex.org/W4403604636","https://openalex.org/W4403742886","https://openalex.org/W4409427899","https://openalex.org/W4409823146","https://openalex.org/W4413755044"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"(1)":[0],"Background:":[1],"Most":[2],"robotic":[3,174,188],"MIS":[4,192],"platforms":[5],"lack":[6],"native":[7],"haptic":[8,87],"feedback,":[9],"leaving":[10],"surgeons":[11],"to":[12,38,196],"infer":[13],"tissue":[14,198],"loads":[15],"from":[16,54],"vision":[17],"alone\u2014an":[18],"especially":[19],"risky":[20],"limitation":[21],"in":[22,55],"esophageal":[23,57],"procedures.":[24],"(2)":[25],"Methods:":[26],"We":[27],"develop":[28],"a":[29,42,74,85,96,126],"sensorless,":[30],"image-only":[31],"force-estimation":[32],"pipeline":[33],"that":[34],"maps":[35],"endoscopic":[36],"video":[37],"tool\u2013tissue":[39],"forces":[40],"using":[41],"lightweight":[43],"EfficientNetV2B0":[44],"CNN.":[45],"The":[46,89,176],"model":[47,114],"is":[48,71,167],"trained":[49],"on":[50,76,134],"9691":[51],"labeled":[52],"frames":[53],"vitro":[56],"experiments":[58],"and":[59,83,120,147,161,170,190,200],"validated":[60],"against":[61],"an":[62],"FT300":[63],"load":[64],"cell.":[65],"For":[66],"intraoperative":[67],"feasibility,":[68],"the":[69,79,113,143,165,179],"system":[70],"deployed":[72,144],"as":[73],"plug-in":[75],"PARA-SILSROB,":[77],"consuming":[78],"existing":[80],"laparoscope":[81],"feed":[82],"driving":[84],"commercial":[86],"device.":[88],"runtime":[90],"processes":[91],"every":[92],"10th":[93],"frame":[94],"of":[95,182],"60":[97],"FPS":[98],"stream":[99],"(\u22486":[100],"Hz":[101],"updates)":[102],"with":[103,151,194],"~15\u201320":[104],"ms":[105],"per-prediction":[106],"latency.":[107],"(3)":[108],"Results:":[109],"On":[110],"held-out":[111],"tests,":[112],"achieves":[115],"MAE":[116],"=":[117,122],"0.017":[118],"N":[119],"MSE":[121],"0.0004":[123],"N2,":[124],"outperforming":[125],"recurrent":[127],"CNN":[128],"baseline":[129],"while":[130],"maintaining":[131],"real-time":[132],"performance":[133],"commodity":[135],"hardware.":[136],"Integrated":[137],"evaluations":[138],"confirm":[139],"stable":[140],"operation":[141],"at":[142],"update":[145],"rate":[146],"low":[148],"latency":[149],"compatible":[150],"closed-loop":[152],"haptics.":[153],"(4)":[154],"Conclusions:":[155],"By":[156],"avoiding":[157],"distal":[158],"force":[159,185],"sensors":[160],"preserving":[162],"sterile":[163],"workflow,":[164],"approach":[166],"readily":[168],"translatable":[169],"retrofit-friendly":[171],"for":[172,187],"current":[173],"platforms.":[175],"results":[177],"support":[178],"practical":[180],"feasibility":[181],"real-time,":[183],"sensorless":[184],"feedback":[186],"esophagectomy":[189],"related":[191],"tasks,":[193],"potential":[195],"reduce":[197],"trauma":[199],"enhance":[201],"operative":[202],"safety.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-11-19T00:00:00"}