{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416128499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110978","title":"Estimating the Utility of Using Structured and Unstructured Data for Extracting Incidents of External Hospitalizations from Patient Documents","display_name":"Estimating the Utility of Using Structured and Unstructured Data for Extracting Incidents of External Hospitalizations from Patient Documents","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416128499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16110978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110978","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/978/pdf?version=1762928010","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/978/pdf?version=1762928010","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101550556","display_name":"Michael Davenport","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5160-2410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801671727","display_name":"VA Boston Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/04v00sg98","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I2801671727","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Davenport","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5160-2410","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801671727"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108482662","display_name":"Robert G. Hall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8556-5016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801671727","display_name":"VA Boston Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/04v00sg98","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I2801671727","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Hall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8556-5016","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801671727"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120345435","display_name":"Saraswathi Kappala","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801671727","display_name":"VA Boston Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/04v00sg98","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I2801671727","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saraswathi Kappala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801671727"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120492888","display_name":"Trevor Michelson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801671727","display_name":"VA Boston Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/04v00sg98","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I2801671727","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trevor Michelson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801671727"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003582699","display_name":"Robert B. Mitchell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801671727","display_name":"VA Boston Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/04v00sg98","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I2801671727","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Mitchell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801671727"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041351392","display_name":"David Winski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1774-4535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801671727","display_name":"VA Boston Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/04v00sg98","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I2801671727","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Winski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1774-4535","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801671727"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034385321","display_name":"Cynthia Hau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4141-9376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801671727","display_name":"VA Boston Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/04v00sg98","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I2801671727","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia Hau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4141-9376","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801671727"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030007722","display_name":"Sarah Leatherman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9821-9646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801671727","display_name":"VA Boston Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/04v00sg98","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I2801671727","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Leatherman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA","School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9821-9646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801671727"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013712152","display_name":"Frank Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3065-1619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801671727","display_name":"VA Boston Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/04v00sg98","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I2801671727","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA","Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3065-1619","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02111, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801671727"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101550556"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801671727"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16714387,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"978","last_page":"978"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.3504999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.3504999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.05700000002980232,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.0471000000834465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unstructured-data","display_name":"Unstructured data","score":0.8564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5123999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-extraction","display_name":"Data extraction","score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-system","display_name":"Information system","score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-data","display_name":"Patient data","score":0.35499998927116394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781252014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141900","display_name":"Unstructured data","level":3,"score":0.8564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.701200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5123999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4571000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018822202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Patient data","level":2,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113336015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574010","display_name":"Complete information","level":2,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018949938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17166101","display_name":"Text messaging","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138958017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190087","display_name":"Data type","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777019752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509084","display_name":"Hospital information system","level":3,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983685735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227355","display_name":"Data source","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16110978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110978","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/978/pdf?version=1762928010","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:381d4c03f0e74493814cb09eccc5bbe3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/381d4c03f0e74493814cb09eccc5bbe3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 11, p 978 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16110978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110978","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/978/pdf?version=1762928010","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309037","display_name":"Office of Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/05rsv9s98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416128499.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416128499.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107391405","https://openalex.org/W2168301550","https://openalex.org/W2417190112","https://openalex.org/W4320015776","https://openalex.org/W4392601668","https://openalex.org/W4395052272","https://openalex.org/W4403626237","https://openalex.org/W4408354096","https://openalex.org/W4410232646"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Patients":[0],"within":[1],"the":[2,12,21,34,54,122,138,154],"US":[3],"Department":[4],"of":[5,14,47,58,124,140,161],"Veterans":[6],"Affairs":[7],"(VA)":[8],"healthcare":[9],"system":[10],"have":[11],"option":[13],"receiving":[15],"care":[16],"at":[17],"facilities":[18],"external":[19,31,59,151],"to":[20,85,112,142],"VA":[22],"network.":[23],"This":[24],"work":[25],"presents":[26],"a":[27,118],"method":[28,119],"for":[29,120],"identifying":[30],"hospitalizations":[32,60,152],"among":[33],"VA\u2019s":[35],"patient":[36,43],"population":[37],"by":[38,53],"utilizing":[39],"data":[40,67,101,129,166,173],"stored":[41],"in":[42,110,153],"records.":[44],"The":[45],"process":[46],"extracting":[48],"this":[49,144],"information":[50,87],"is":[51,102],"complicated":[52],"fact":[55],"that":[56,132,159],"indicators":[57],"come":[61],"from":[62,89],"two":[63],"sources:":[64],"well-defined":[65],"structured":[66,100,126,172],"and":[68,97,127,130],"free-form":[69],"unstructured":[70,128,165],"text.":[71],"Though":[72],"natural":[73],"language":[74],"processing":[75],"(NLP)":[76],"leveraging":[77],"Large":[78],"Language":[79],"Models":[80],"(LLMs)":[81],"has":[82],"advanced":[83],"capabilities":[84],"automate":[86],"extraction":[88],"free":[90],"text,":[91],"deploying":[92],"these":[93],"systems":[94],"remains":[95],"complex":[96],"costly.":[98],"Using":[99],"low-cost,":[103],"but":[104],"its":[105],"utility":[106,123],"must":[107],"be":[108,147,169],"determined":[109],"order":[111],"optimally":[113],"allocate":[114],"resources.":[115],"We":[116],"describe":[117],"estimating":[121],"using":[125,164,171],"show":[131],"if":[133],"specific":[134],"conditions":[135],"are":[136],"met,":[137],"level":[139],"effort":[141],"perform":[143],"estimate":[145],"can":[146],"greatly":[148],"reduced.":[149],"For":[150],"VA,":[155],"our":[156],"analysis":[157],"showed":[158],"44.4%":[160],"cases":[162],"identified":[163],"could":[167],"not":[168],"found":[170],"alone.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-11-12T00:00:00"}