{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416134292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110971","title":"Multimodal Models in Healthcare: Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions for Enhanced Clinical Decision Support","display_name":"Multimodal Models in Healthcare: Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions for Enhanced Clinical Decision Support","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416134292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110971"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16110971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110971","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/971/pdf?version=1762789939","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/971/pdf?version=1762789939","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051816764","display_name":"K. Siam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9986-210X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104314","display_name":"New York Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01bghzb51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104314"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Kamrul Siam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9986-210X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104314"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007582133","display_name":"Md Jobair Hossain Faruk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6316-5334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104314","display_name":"New York Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01bghzb51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104314"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Jobair Hossain Faruk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6316-5334","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104314"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111345683","display_name":"B. He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3432-0101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104314","display_name":"New York Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01bghzb51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104314"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bofan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3432-0101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104314"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085616097","display_name":"Jerry Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3968-9699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104314","display_name":"New York Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01bghzb51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104314"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry Q. Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3968-9699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104314"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105836405","display_name":"Huanying Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9510-6696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104314","display_name":"New York Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01bghzb51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104314"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huanying Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9510-6696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104314"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051816764","https://openalex.org/A5105836405"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104314"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":6.2328,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96427973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"971","last_page":"971"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9742000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9742000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.6068999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformative-learning","display_name":"Transformative learning","score":0.5771999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.4691999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-medicine","display_name":"Precision medicine","score":0.43639999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-support-system","display_name":"Decision support system","score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prioritization","display_name":"Prioritization","score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integration","display_name":"Data integration","score":0.36500000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6577000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6068999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.5771999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5041999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4691999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163763905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision medicine","level":2,"score":0.43639999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777615720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11888847","display_name":"Prioritization","level":2,"score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3693000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72634772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386824","display_name":"Data integration","level":2,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32220436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072214","display_name":"Personalized medicine","level":2,"score":0.3515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780440489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227278","display_name":"Data-driven","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988170871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11000047","display_name":"Healthcare system","level":3,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138958017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190087","display_name":"Data type","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106977388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2752427","display_name":"Medical research","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16110971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110971","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/971/pdf?version=1762789939","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4efd8272fcac4358b61257df6cf1bf2c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4efd8272fcac4358b61257df6cf1bf2c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 11, p 971 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16110971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110971","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/971/pdf?version=1762789939","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1896464098","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2120350","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G281738665","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2311598","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3021691832","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2120350","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416134292.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416134292.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963872613","https://openalex.org/W2042943406","https://openalex.org/W2148517867","https://openalex.org/W2408381288","https://openalex.org/W2465660639","https://openalex.org/W2770165365","https://openalex.org/W2921861522","https://openalex.org/W2933486688","https://openalex.org/W2949468773","https://openalex.org/W2972687021","https://openalex.org/W2972862002","https://openalex.org/W2983199194","https://openalex.org/W3112990870","https://openalex.org/W3120894151","https://openalex.org/W3121390535","https://openalex.org/W3130634310","https://openalex.org/W3133921412","https://openalex.org/W3146806508","https://openalex.org/W3204047821","https://openalex.org/W3210505114","https://openalex.org/W4206922973","https://openalex.org/W4210858825","https://openalex.org/W4223909096","https://openalex.org/W4285328353","https://openalex.org/W4293812301","https://openalex.org/W4296776307","https://openalex.org/W4297540231","https://openalex.org/W4298148229","https://openalex.org/W4307498511","https://openalex.org/W4310642150","https://openalex.org/W4310645210","https://openalex.org/W4311310893","https://openalex.org/W4312217979","https://openalex.org/W4313307241","https://openalex.org/W4366986749","https://openalex.org/W4372266834","https://openalex.org/W4383262638","https://openalex.org/W4384347347","https://openalex.org/W4385064072","https://openalex.org/W4386157633","https://openalex.org/W4386352870","https://openalex.org/W4386920922","https://openalex.org/W4387079109","https://openalex.org/W4387583347","https://openalex.org/W4387918100","https://openalex.org/W4387951221","https://openalex.org/W4388037391","https://openalex.org/W4388666838","https://openalex.org/W4388706759","https://openalex.org/W4389141943","https://openalex.org/W4389164256","https://openalex.org/W4389543004","https://openalex.org/W4389543029","https://openalex.org/W4389543201","https://openalex.org/W4389881080","https://openalex.org/W4389989205","https://openalex.org/W4390426502","https://openalex.org/W4390992014","https://openalex.org/W4390992066","https://openalex.org/W4390992411","https://openalex.org/W4391057542","https://openalex.org/W4391129557","https://openalex.org/W4391306876","https://openalex.org/W4392168796","https://openalex.org/W4392245508","https://openalex.org/W4392727640","https://openalex.org/W4393145866","https://openalex.org/W4396808823","https://openalex.org/W4396999789","https://openalex.org/W4397016629","https://openalex.org/W4399057304","https://openalex.org/W4399620657","https://openalex.org/W4401328246","https://openalex.org/W4401749978","https://openalex.org/W4401750528","https://openalex.org/W4401754091","https://openalex.org/W4402352549","https://openalex.org/W4402674147","https://openalex.org/W4403422767","https://openalex.org/W4403534750","https://openalex.org/W4403863455","https://openalex.org/W4403864711","https://openalex.org/W4404788908"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Decision-making":[0],"in":[1,110,153],"modern":[2],"healthcare":[3,170],"increasingly":[4],"relies":[5],"on":[6],"integrating":[7],"a":[8,159],"variety":[9],"of":[10,26,64,69,79,88,102,150],"data":[11,46,106,137],"sources,":[12],"including":[13,48],"patient":[14],"demographics,":[15],"medical":[16],"imaging,":[17],"laboratory":[18],"results,":[19],"clinical":[20,50,155],"narratives,":[21],"and":[22,54,67,76,95,104,116,125,141,168],"temporal":[23,52],"data,":[24],"all":[25],"which":[27],"are":[28],"difficult":[29],"for":[30,161],"traditional":[31],"computational":[32],"methodologies":[33,42],"to":[34,164],"accurately":[35],"predict.":[36],"This":[37,119,144],"paper":[38,145],"evaluates":[39],"the":[40,100,147],"latest":[41],"that":[43,99],"integrate":[44],"diverse":[45],"types,":[47],"photographs,":[49],"notes,":[51],"measurements,":[53],"structured":[55,103],"tables,":[56],"through":[57],"techniques":[58],"such":[59,135],"as":[60,136],"feature":[61],"amalgamation,":[62],"prioritization":[63],"essential":[65],"information,":[66],"utilization":[68],"graphs.":[70],"We":[71],"also":[72],"assess":[73],"pre-training,":[74],"fine-tuning,":[75],"comprehensive":[77],"evaluation":[78],"model":[80],"generation":[81],"procedures.":[82],"By":[83],"synthesizing":[84],"findings":[85],"from":[86],"50":[87],"91":[89],"peer-reviewed":[90],"papers":[91],"published":[92],"between":[93],"2020":[94],"2024,":[96],"we":[97],"demonstrate":[98],"integration":[101],"unstructured":[105],"significantly":[107],"improves":[108],"performance":[109],"tasks":[111],"like":[112],"diagnosis,":[113],"prognosis":[114],"prediction,":[115],"personalized":[117],"treatment.":[118],"review":[120],"combines":[121],"substantial":[122],"multimodal":[123,151],"datasets":[124],"applications":[126],"across":[127],"several":[128],"therapeutic":[129],"domains":[130],"while":[131],"addressing":[132],"critical":[133],"issues":[134],"heterogeneity,":[138],"scalability,":[139],"interpretability,":[140],"ethical":[142],"considerations.":[143],"highlights":[146],"transformative":[148],"potential":[149],"models":[152],"improving":[154],"decision":[156],"support,":[157],"providing":[158],"framework":[160],"future":[162],"research":[163],"advance":[165],"precision":[166],"medicine":[167],"enhance":[169],"outcomes.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-11-10T00:00:00"}
