{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415823506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110949","title":"Deep Learning for Student Behavior Detection in Smart Classroom Environments","display_name":"Deep Learning for Student Behavior Detection in Smart Classroom Environments","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415823506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110949"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16110949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110949","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/949/pdf?version=1762160660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/949/pdf?version=1762160660","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100440597","display_name":"Jue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1139-6640"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Design Engineering, Wuhan Qingchuan University, Wuhan 430204, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Design Engineering, Wuhan Qingchuan University, Wuhan 430204, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038315635","display_name":"Yu\u2010Chen Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5994-8961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchen Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Teaching, Learning and Curriculum Studies, Kent State University, 800 E Summit St, Kent, OH 44240, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Teaching, Learning and Curriculum Studies, Kent State University, 800 E Summit St, Kent, OH 44240, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110365618","display_name":"Shasha Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145897649","display_name":"Minzu University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/0044e2g62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shasha Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110365618"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":5.6819,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96319724,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"949","last_page":"949"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.3301999866962433,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.3301999866962433,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.06650000065565109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.06400000303983688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6035000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5480999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5277000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unification","display_name":"Unification","score":0.49079999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3878999948501587}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6532999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6035000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5480999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5277000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96146094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609057","display_name":"Unification","level":2,"score":0.49079999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019723476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Electronic learning","level":3,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16110949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110949","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/949/pdf?version=1762160660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ea4a799d8d9f4613ae5dc84446285505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ea4a799d8d9f4613ae5dc84446285505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 11, p 949 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16110949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110949","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/11/949/pdf?version=1762160660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415823506.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415823506.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2157523181","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2993753416","https://openalex.org/W3110144002","https://openalex.org/W3128140182","https://openalex.org/W3172509117","https://openalex.org/W3196365471","https://openalex.org/W4221123533","https://openalex.org/W4311185806","https://openalex.org/W4319993407","https://openalex.org/W4320035136","https://openalex.org/W4372347372","https://openalex.org/W4385067971","https://openalex.org/W4386319016","https://openalex.org/W4387540041","https://openalex.org/W4400087006","https://openalex.org/W4401053829","https://openalex.org/W4401690494","https://openalex.org/W4402667905","https://openalex.org/W4406248397","https://openalex.org/W4408282982","https://openalex.org/W4408399641","https://openalex.org/W4408659767","https://openalex.org/W4410317394"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,125],"ongoing":[1],"integration":[2],"of":[3,12,40,91,121,141,149],"information":[4],"technology":[5],"in":[6,15,45,57,77,130,196],"education":[7],"has":[8],"rendered":[9],"the":[10,66,70,87,119,134,170,175],"monitoring":[11],"student":[13,24,35],"behavior":[14],"smart":[16,197],"classrooms":[17],"essential":[18],"for":[19,183,193],"improving":[20],"teaching":[21],"quality":[22],"and":[23,43,59,89,97,100,111,138,143,151,156,158,167,189],"engagement.":[25],"Classroom":[26],"environments":[27],"frequently":[28],"provide":[29],"many":[30],"problems,":[31],"such":[32],"as":[33],"heterogeneous":[34],"behaviors,":[36],"significant":[37],"obstructions,":[38],"loss":[39],"intricate":[41,131],"details,":[42],"complications":[44],"recognizing":[46],"diminutive":[47],"targets.":[48],"These":[49],"limitations":[50],"lead":[51],"to":[52,73,85,107,154,161],"current":[53],"approaches":[54],"remaining":[55],"inadequate":[56],"accuracy":[58],"stability.":[60],"This":[61,146],"paper":[62],"enhances":[63],"YOLOv11":[64],"with":[65],"following":[67],"improvements:":[68],"developed":[69,80],"CSP-PMSA":[71],"module":[72],"enhance":[74],"contextual":[75],"modeling":[76],"complex":[78],"backgrounds,":[79],"a":[81,102],"scale-aware":[82],"head":[83],"(SAH)":[84],"improve":[86],"perception":[88],"localization":[90],"small":[92],"targets":[93],"via":[94],"channel":[95],"unification":[96],"scale":[98],"adaptation,":[99],"introduced":[101],"Multi-Head":[103],"Self-Attention":[104],"(MHSA)":[105],"mechanism":[106],"model":[108,135,171],"global":[109],"dependencies":[110],"positional":[112],"bias":[113],"across":[114],"various":[115],"subspaces,":[116],"thereby":[117],"enhancing":[118],"discrimination":[120],"visually":[122],"analogous":[123],"behaviors.":[124],"experimental":[126],"findings":[127],"indicate":[128],"that":[129],"classroom":[132],"settings,":[133],"attains":[136],"mAP@50":[137],"mAP@50\u201395":[139],"scores":[140],"91.6%":[142],"75.7%,":[144],"respectively.":[145],"indicates":[147],"enhancements":[148],"2.7%":[150],"2.6%":[152],"compared":[153],"YOLOv11,":[155],"4.6%":[157],"3.6%":[159],"relative":[160],"DETR,":[162],"demonstrating":[163],"remarkable":[164],"detection":[165,185],"precision":[166],"dependability.":[168],"Additionally,":[169],"was":[172],"implemented":[173],"on":[174,186],"Jetson":[176],"Orin":[177],"Nano":[178],"platform,":[179],"confirming":[180],"its":[181],"viability":[182],"real-time":[184],"edge":[187],"devices":[188],"offering":[190],"substantial":[191],"assistance":[192],"practical":[194],"implementations":[195],"classrooms.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00"}
