{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415062642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16100882","title":"Towards Trustworthy and Explainable-by-Design Large Language Models for Automated Teacher Assessment","display_name":"Towards Trustworthy and Explainable-by-Design Large Language Models for Automated Teacher Assessment","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415062642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16100882"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16100882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16100882","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/10/882/pdf?version=1760102379","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/10/882/pdf?version=1760102379","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017943466","display_name":"Yuan-Fang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4651-2821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159413","display_name":"Lishui Vocational and Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/05p2fxt77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159413"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lishui Vocational and Technical College, Lishui 323000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lishui Vocational and Technical College, Lishui 323000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159413"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042249250","display_name":"Hang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7262-4475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31847773","display_name":"Zhejiang Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mys6533","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Centre for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Centre for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119342432","display_name":"Quanrong Fang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Quanrong Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9625-9426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119342432"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160","https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.2041,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85502771,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"10","first_page":"882","last_page":"882"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.8977000117301941,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.8977000117301941,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.8646000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.7908999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.7188000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credibility","display_name":"Credibility","score":0.6244000196456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.6211000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.5286999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5194000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.4002000093460083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7303000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.7188000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.6244000196456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.6211000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.5286999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5194000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.39809998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3747999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160234255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812535","display_name":"Bayesian inference","level":3,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43091099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067788","display_name":"Through-the-lens metering","level":3,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94822996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1777902","display_name":"Satisficing","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136643341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361526","display_name":"Reachability","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2651999890804291}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16100882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16100882","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/10/882/pdf?version=1760102379","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2919ec43186241a2b4369aa8394d929a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2919ec43186241a2b4369aa8394d929a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 10, p 882 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16100882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16100882","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/10/882/pdf?version=1760102379","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415062642.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3040479400","https://openalex.org/W4390970405","https://openalex.org/W4399528455","https://openalex.org/W4402683774","https://openalex.org/W4403056940","https://openalex.org/W4403062360","https://openalex.org/W4405916612","https://openalex.org/W4407186170","https://openalex.org/W4407842016","https://openalex.org/W4409496383","https://openalex.org/W4410210805","https://openalex.org/W4411878676"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"teacher":[1],"assessment":[2],"is":[3,116,138],"labor-intensive":[4],"and":[5,18,40,57,60,72,83,91,109,122,133,148,169],"subjective.":[6],"Prior":[7],"LLM-based":[8],"systems":[9],"improve":[10],"scale":[11],"but":[12],"rely":[13],"on":[14],"post":[15],"hoc":[16],"rationales":[17],"lack":[19],"built-in":[20],"trust":[21,127],"controls.":[22],"We":[23],"propose":[24],"an":[25,62,96],"explainable-by-design":[26],"framework":[27],"that":[28,53,66],"couples":[29],"(i)":[30],"Dual-Lens":[31],"Hierarchical":[32],"Attention\u2014a":[33],"global":[34],"lens":[35,43],"aligned":[36,44],"to":[37,45,167],"curriculum":[38],"standards":[39],"a":[41,49,164],"local":[42],"subject-specific":[46],"rubrics\u2014with":[47],"(ii)":[48],"Trust-Gated":[50],"Inference":[51],"module":[52],"combines":[54],"Monte-Carlo-dropout":[55],"calibration":[56],"adversarial":[58],"debiasing,":[59],"(iii)":[61],"On-the-Spot":[63],"Explanation":[64,101],"generator":[65],"shares":[67],"the":[68],"same":[69],"fused":[70],"representation":[71],"predicted":[73],"score":[74],"used":[75],"for":[76,172],"decision":[77],"making.":[78],"Thus,":[79],"explanations":[80],"are":[81],"decision-consistent":[82],"curriculum-anchored":[84],"rather":[85],"than":[86],"retrofitted.":[87],"On":[88],"TeacherEval-2023,":[89],"EdNet-Math,":[90],"MM-TBA,":[92],"our":[93],"model":[94],"attains":[95],"Inter-Rater":[97],"Consistency":[98],"of":[99,103,107,113],"82.4%,":[100],"Credibility":[102],"0.78,":[104],"Fairness":[105],"Gap":[106],"1.8%,":[108],"Expected":[110],"Calibration":[111],"Error":[112],"0.032.":[114],"Faithfulness":[115],"verified":[117],"via":[118],"attention-to-rubric":[119],"alignment":[120],"(78%)":[121],"counterfactual":[123],"deletion":[124],"tests,":[125],"while":[126],"gating":[128],"reduces":[129],"confidently":[130],"wrong":[131],"outputs":[132],"triggers":[134],"reject-and-refer":[135],"when":[136],"uncertainty":[137],"high.":[139],"The":[140],"system":[141],"retains":[142],"99.6%":[143],"accuracy":[144],"under":[145],"cross-domain":[146],"transfer":[147],"degrades":[149],"only":[150],"4.1%":[151],"with":[152],"15%":[153],"ASR":[154],"noise,":[155],"reducing":[156],"human":[157],"review":[158],"workload":[159],"by":[160],"41%.":[161],"This":[162],"establishes":[163],"reproducible":[165],"path":[166],"trustworthy":[168],"pedagogy-aligned":[170],"LLMs":[171],"high-stakes":[173],"educational":[174],"evaluation.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-11T00:00:00"}