{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414205947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090796","title":"Detection of Fake News in Romanian: LLM-Based Approaches to COVID-19 Misinformation","display_name":"Detection of Fake News in Romanian: LLM-Based Approaches to COVID-19 Misinformation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414205947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090796"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16090796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090796","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/796/pdf?version=1757922748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/796/pdf?version=1757922748","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075023019","display_name":"Alexandru Dima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4641-3946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandru Dima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science & Engineering Department, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering Department, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114715767","display_name":"Ecaterina Ilis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4855-1533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124121301","display_name":"Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu","ror":"https://ror.org/026gdz537","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124121301"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ecaterina Ilis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of British and American Studies, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Bulevardul Victoriei 10, 550024 Sibiu, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4855-1533","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of British and American Studies, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Bulevardul Victoriei 10, 550024 Sibiu, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124121301"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080057534","display_name":"Diana Florea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8839-853X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124121301","display_name":"Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu","ror":"https://ror.org/026gdz537","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124121301"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diana Florea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Romance Studies, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Bulevardul Victoriei 10, 550024 Sibiu, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8839-853X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Romance Studies, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Bulevardul Victoriei 10, 550024 Sibiu, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124121301"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072192995","display_name":"Mihai Dasc\u0103lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-9227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33800924","display_name":"Academia Oamenilor de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 din Rom\u00e2nia","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybnj478","country_code":"RO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33800924"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mihai Dascalu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Romanian Scientists, Str. Ilfov, Nr. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania","Computer Science & Engineering Department, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-9227","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, Str. Ilfov, Nr. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33800924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering Department, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072192995"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33800924","https://openalex.org/I61641377"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":7.2073,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96711117,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"9","first_page":"796","last_page":"796"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"Misinformation","score":0.9269000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinformation","display_name":"Disinformation","score":0.6238999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5284000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.4253000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/romanian","display_name":"Romanian","score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thematic-analysis","display_name":"Thematic analysis","score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/newspaper","display_name":"Newspaper","score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geopolitics","display_name":"Geopolitics","score":0.3296999931335449}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.9269000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776552730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189656","display_name":"Disinformation","level":3,"score":0.6238999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5284000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45590001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.4253000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129400051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7913","display_name":"Romanian","level":2,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201280247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11032","display_name":"Newspaper","level":2,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201960208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159385","display_name":"Geopolitics","level":3,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780469804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878352","display_name":"Rumor","level":2,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777548347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5456937","display_name":"Flagging","level":2,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779756789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28549308","display_name":"Fake news","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778689934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1313396","display_name":"Headline","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56995899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126687","display_name":"Focus group","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781121862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256","display_name":"Turkish","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529147693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193236","display_name":"News media","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.26170000433921814}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16090796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090796","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/796/pdf?version=1757922748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4f8c9d495c88474899a2ff3ec72b5af4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4f8c9d495c88474899a2ff3ec72b5af4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 9, p 796 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16090796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090796","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/796/pdf?version=1757922748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311068","display_name":"Health Resources in Action","ror":"https://ror.org/01ctnwa22"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414205947.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414205947.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103018059","https://openalex.org/W2116926372","https://openalex.org/W2752764369","https://openalex.org/W2760944227","https://openalex.org/W2791544114","https://openalex.org/W2796536780","https://openalex.org/W2925285378","https://openalex.org/W2938068879","https://openalex.org/W2954365773","https://openalex.org/W2955692055","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2971653688","https://openalex.org/W3001197829","https://openalex.org/W3022924198","https://openalex.org/W3027522717","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3111430045","https://openalex.org/W3125936870","https://openalex.org/W3136655767","https://openalex.org/W3148001275","https://openalex.org/W3208159610","https://openalex.org/W4200288441","https://openalex.org/W4210299703","https://openalex.org/W4220779961","https://openalex.org/W4249887204","https://openalex.org/W4281898186","https://openalex.org/W4285108532","https://openalex.org/W4288079542","https://openalex.org/W4292157289","https://openalex.org/W4368340926","https://openalex.org/W4376529913","https://openalex.org/W4378771755","https://openalex.org/W4386332905","https://openalex.org/W4394779253","https://openalex.org/W4404685724","https://openalex.org/W4404783049"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"spread":[1],"of":[2,73,94,142,178,190],"misinformation":[3,100,193],"during":[4],"the":[5,74,83,102,126,176,188],"COVID-19":[6,99],"pandemic":[7],"raised":[8],"widespread":[9],"concerns":[10],"about":[11],"public":[12],"health":[13],"communication":[14],"and":[15,32,53,86,109,121,135,170,195,201],"media":[16,31],"reliability.":[17],"In":[18],"this":[19,147],"study,":[20],"we":[21],"focus":[22,44],"on":[23,45,98],"these":[24],"issues":[25],"as":[26,63,185,187],"they":[27],"manifested":[28],"in":[29,58,101,167,181],"Romanian-language":[30],"employ":[33],"Large":[34],"Language":[35],"Models":[36],"(LLMs)":[37],"to":[38,149],"classify":[39],"misinformation,":[40],"with":[41,114,129,155],"a":[42,91],"particular":[43],"super-narratives\u2014broad":[46],"thematic":[47],"categories":[48,75],"that":[49,160],"capture":[50],"recurring":[51],"patterns":[52],"ideological":[54],"framings":[55],"commonly":[56],"found":[57],"pandemic-related":[59],"fake":[60,95],"news,":[61],"such":[62],"anti-vaccination":[64],"discourse,":[65],"conspiracy":[66],"theories,":[67],"or":[68],"geopolitical":[69,104],"blame.":[70],"While":[71],"some":[72],"reflect":[76],"global":[77],"trends,":[78],"others":[79],"are":[80],"shaped":[81],"by":[82],"Romanian":[84,103],"cultural":[85],"political":[87],"context.":[88],"We":[89,112],"introduce":[90],"novel":[92],"dataset":[93],"news":[96],"centered":[97],"context,":[105],"comprising":[106],"both":[107,168],"annotated":[108],"unannotated":[110],"articles.":[111],"experimented":[113],"multiple":[115],"LLMs":[116],"using":[117],"zero-shot,":[118],"few-shot,":[119],"supervised,":[120],"semi-supervised":[122,136,161,179],"learning":[123,162],"strategies,":[124],"achieving":[125],"best":[127],"results":[128,166],"an":[130,140],"LLaMA":[131],"3.1":[132],"8B":[133],"model":[134],"learning,":[137],"which":[138],"yielded":[139],"F1-score":[141],"78.81%.":[143],"Experimental":[144],"evaluations":[145],"compared":[146],"approach":[148],"traditional":[150],"Machine":[151],"Learning":[152],"classifiers":[153],"augmented":[154],"morphosyntactic":[156],"features.":[157],"Results":[158],"show":[159],"substantially":[163],"improved":[164],"classification":[165],"binary":[169],"multi-class":[171],"settings.":[172],"Our":[173],"findings":[174],"highlight":[175],"effectiveness":[177],"adaptation":[180],"low-resource,":[182],"domain-specific":[183],"contexts,":[184],"well":[186],"necessity":[189],"enabling":[191],"real-time":[192],"tracking":[194],"enhancing":[196],"transparency":[197],"through":[198],"claim-level":[199],"explainability":[200],"fact-based":[202],"counterarguments.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}