{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414097001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090784","title":"A Systematic Review and Experimental Evaluation of Classical and Transformer-Based Models for Urdu Abstractive Text Summarization","display_name":"A Systematic Review and Experimental Evaluation of Classical and Transformer-Based Models for Urdu Abstractive Text Summarization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414097001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16090784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090784","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/784/pdf?version=1757486628","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/784/pdf?version=1757486628","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052072467","display_name":"Muhammad Azhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-0270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64427410","display_name":"Hong Kong Shue Yan University","ror":"https://ror.org/023t8mt09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64427410"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Azhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Data Science, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-0270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Data Science, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64427410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104239158","display_name":"Adeen Amjad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9981-7394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adeen Amjad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Comsats University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Comsats University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006229253","display_name":"Deshinta Arrova Dewi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1488-7696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12649496","display_name":"INTI International University","ror":"https://ror.org/03fj82m46","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12649496"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deshinta Arrova Dewi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1488-7696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12649496"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064913575","display_name":"Shahreen Kasim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4180-4377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I930072361","display_name":"Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/01c5wha71","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I930072361"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahreen Kasim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussain Onn Malaysia, Jalan Persiaran Tun Dr. Ismail, Parit Raja 86400, Johor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4180-4377","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussain Onn Malaysia, Jalan Persiaran Tun Dr. Ismail, Parit Raja 86400, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I930072361"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052072467"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64427410"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":3.3614,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92749371,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"9","first_page":"784","last_page":"784"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-summarization","display_name":"Automatic summarization","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urdu","display_name":"Urdu","score":0.8172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bengali","display_name":"Bengali","score":0.30090001225471497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170858558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394144","display_name":"Automatic summarization","level":2,"score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777350258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617","display_name":"Urdu","level":2,"score":0.8172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7738000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6967999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6917999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19235068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9610","display_name":"Bengali","level":2,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206134035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q811525","display_name":"Treebank","level":3,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16090784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090784","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/784/pdf?version=1757486628","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:98678dd99eab4b0fb89a15dd8e853ca7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/98678dd99eab4b0fb89a15dd8e853ca7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 9, p 784 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16090784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090784","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/784/pdf?version=1757486628","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414097001.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414097001.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026441123","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2238199890","https://openalex.org/W2409439155","https://openalex.org/W2782230581","https://openalex.org/W2946276393","https://openalex.org/W2962996600","https://openalex.org/W2964061924","https://openalex.org/W2964165364","https://openalex.org/W2973955309","https://openalex.org/W2979565540","https://openalex.org/W3013355253","https://openalex.org/W3013953217","https://openalex.org/W3034204610","https://openalex.org/W3042185737","https://openalex.org/W3087824800","https://openalex.org/W3110700463","https://openalex.org/W3121250149","https://openalex.org/W3169483174","https://openalex.org/W4220916677","https://openalex.org/W4283331409","https://openalex.org/W4285294631","https://openalex.org/W4294934820","https://openalex.org/W4297537644","https://openalex.org/W4306362441","https://openalex.org/W4316038822","https://openalex.org/W4318595446","https://openalex.org/W4384571957","https://openalex.org/W4387666455","https://openalex.org/W4392745486","https://openalex.org/W4392939997","https://openalex.org/W4400292040","https://openalex.org/W4401287531","https://openalex.org/W4402703397","https://openalex.org/W7128216461"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588484110","https://openalex.org/W1566901819","https://openalex.org/W2366403280","https://openalex.org/W604003083","https://openalex.org/W597280011","https://openalex.org/W1495108544","https://openalex.org/W4310798948","https://openalex.org/W4317547544","https://openalex.org/W4313395829","https://openalex.org/W2250347524"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,173,186],"digital":[4],"content":[5],"in":[6,106,168],"Urdu":[7,30,58,74,77,147,157,196],"has":[8],"created":[9],"an":[10],"urgent":[11],"need":[12],"for":[13,29,57,146,156,176,194],"effective":[14,120],"automatic":[15],"text":[16],"summarization":[17,28],"(ATS)":[18],"systems.":[19],"While":[20],"extractive":[21],"methods":[22],"have":[23],"been":[24],"widely":[25],"studied,":[26],"abstractive":[27,59,197],"remains":[31],"largely":[32],"unexplored":[33],"due":[34],"to":[35,166],"the":[36,76,97,109,153,171],"language\u2019s":[37],"complex":[38,133],"morphology":[39],"and":[40,55,68,83,132,143,189],"rich":[41],"literary":[42],"tradition.":[43],"This":[44,179],"paper":[45],"systematically":[46],"evaluates":[47],"four":[48],"transformer-based":[49,150],"language":[50],"models":[51,175],"(BERT-Urdu,":[52],"BART,":[53],"mT5,":[54],"GPT-2)":[56],"summarization,":[60],"comparing":[61],"their":[62],"performance":[63],"against":[64],"conventional":[65],"machine":[66],"learning":[67,70],"deep":[69],"approaches.":[71],"Using":[72],"multiple":[73],"datasets\u2014including":[75],"Summarization":[78],"Corpus,":[79],"Fake":[80],"News":[81],"Dataset,":[82],"Urdu-Instruct-News\u2014we":[84],"show":[85],"that":[86,115],"fine-tuned":[87],"Transformer":[88],"Language":[89],"Models":[90],"(TLMs)":[91],"consistently":[92],"outperform":[93],"traditional":[94],"methods,":[95],"with":[96],"multilingual":[98],"mT5":[99,160],"model":[100],"achieving":[101],"a":[102,183,190],"0.42":[103],"absolute":[104],"improvement":[105],"F1-score":[107],"over":[108],"best":[110],"baseline.":[111],"Our":[112],"analysis":[113],"reveals":[114],"mT5\u2019s":[116],"architecture":[117],"is":[118],"particularly":[119],"at":[121],"handling":[122],"Urdu-specific":[123],"challenges":[124],"such":[125],"as":[126,152],"right-to-left":[127],"script":[128],"processing,":[129],"diacritic":[130],"interpretation,":[131],"verb\u2013noun":[134],"compounding.":[135],"Furthermore,":[136],"we":[137],"present":[138],"empirically":[139],"validated":[140],"hyperparameter":[141],"configurations":[142],"training":[144],"strategies":[145],"ATS,":[148],"establishing":[149],"approaches":[151],"new":[154],"state-of-the-art":[155],"summarization.":[158,198],"Notably,":[159],"outperforms":[161],"Seq2Seq":[162],"baselines":[163],"by":[164],"up":[165],"20%":[167],"ROUGE-L,":[169],"underscoring":[170],"efficacy":[172],"Transformer-based":[174],"low-resource":[177],"languages.":[178],"work":[180],"contributes":[181],"both":[182],"systematic":[184],"review":[185],"prior":[187],"research":[188],"novel":[191],"empirical":[192],"benchmark":[193],"advancing":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
