{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413826944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090750","title":"Enhanced Extraction of Rebar Parameters in Ground Penetrating Radar Data of Bridges Using YOLOv8 Detection Under Challenging Field Conditions","display_name":"Enhanced Extraction of Rebar Parameters in Ground Penetrating Radar Data of Bridges Using YOLOv8 Detection Under Challenging Field Conditions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413826944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090750"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16090750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090750","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/750/pdf?version=1756458618","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/750/pdf?version=1756458618","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008369993","display_name":"Wael Zatar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88694374","display_name":"Marshall University","ror":"https://ror.org/02erqft81","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88694374"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wael Zatar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering & Computer Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering & Computer Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88694374"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004209857","display_name":"Hien Nghiem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88694374","display_name":"Marshall University","ror":"https://ror.org/02erqft81","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88694374"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hien Nghiem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering & Computer Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering & Computer Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88694374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008369993"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88694374"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33911503,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"9","first_page":"750","last_page":"750"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rebar","display_name":"Rebar","score":0.8320971727371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.7146326899528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","score":0.5815941095352173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5640302300453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5233092308044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5021059513092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4462345242500305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.33000946044921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.32798290252685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2967519760131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.2351490557193756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15096187591552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11525100469589233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06228455901145935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778664469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150425","display_name":"Rebar","level":2,"score":0.8320971727371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.7146326899528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5815941095352173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5640302300453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5233092308044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5021059513092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4462345242500305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.33000946044921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32798290252685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2967519760131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.2351490557193756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15096187591552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11525100469589233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06228455901145935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16090750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090750","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/750/pdf?version=1756458618","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cd75de23059e478d86f260f5f5d60071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cd75de23059e478d86f260f5f5d60071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 9, p 750 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16090750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090750","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/750/pdf?version=1756458618","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413826944.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413826944.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2947119946","https://openalex.org/W3034147267","https://openalex.org/W3042011474","https://openalex.org/W3098645781","https://openalex.org/W3111404230","https://openalex.org/W3117123720","https://openalex.org/W3154872378","https://openalex.org/W3208023024","https://openalex.org/W4281713846","https://openalex.org/W4310032931","https://openalex.org/W4319597842","https://openalex.org/W4382727998","https://openalex.org/W4383226380","https://openalex.org/W4383621223","https://openalex.org/W4388208801","https://openalex.org/W4392925602","https://openalex.org/W4402658478","https://openalex.org/W4405331961","https://openalex.org/W4405760239","https://openalex.org/W4411080835","https://openalex.org/W4411131368","https://openalex.org/W4411377046","https://openalex.org/W4411522577"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007566151","https://openalex.org/W2361446527","https://openalex.org/W3152379158","https://openalex.org/W2388503585","https://openalex.org/W3100037339","https://openalex.org/W2354804155","https://openalex.org/W2378287703","https://openalex.org/W3196347043","https://openalex.org/W2966370181","https://openalex.org/W3210819266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"detection":[1,39,50,176],"of":[2,35,93,174,189],"reinforcing":[3],"bars":[4],"(rebars)":[5],"in":[6,142,155],"concrete":[7],"structures":[8],"using":[9,40],"ground":[10,131],"penetrating":[11],"radar":[12],"(GPR)":[13],"is":[14],"crucial":[15],"for":[16,164,201],"effective":[17],"structural":[18],"evaluation":[19,182],"but":[20],"remains":[21],"challenging,":[22],"particularly":[23],"when":[24,197],"asphalt":[25],"overlays":[26],"compromise":[27],"signal":[28],"clarity.":[29],"This":[30],"study":[31,159],"evaluates":[32],"the":[33,41,91,117,130,136,172,187],"performance":[34],"deep":[36,166],"learning-based":[37],"rebar":[38,123,175],"You":[42],"Only":[43],"Look":[44],"Once":[45],"version":[46],"8":[47],"(YOLOv8)":[48],"object":[49],"model":[51,120],"across":[52,69],"three":[53],"GPR":[54,111,169],"datasets":[55,193],"categorized":[56],"as":[57],"clear,":[58],"interfering,":[59],"and":[60,75,85,145,181,194],"blurry.":[61],"Models":[62],"trained":[63],"on":[64],"each":[65],"category":[66],"were":[67],"applied":[68],"varying":[70],"conditions":[71],"to":[72,82,168],"assess":[73],"generalization":[74],"robustness.":[76],"A":[77],"filtering":[78],"algorithm":[79],"was":[80],"introduced":[81],"eliminate":[83],"redundant":[84],"overlapping":[86],"detections,":[87],"thereby":[88],"significantly":[89],"improving":[90],"accuracy":[92],"YOLOv8-based":[94],"predictions.":[95],"The":[96,158,184],"YOLOv8":[97,119,137],"approach":[98,138],"outperforms":[99],"traditional":[100],"analytical":[101,114],"techniques,":[102],"especially":[103],"under":[104,177],"noisy":[105],"or":[106],"complex":[107],"scenarios.":[108],"In":[109],"blurry":[110],"images":[112],"where":[113],"methods":[115],"fail,":[116],"filtered":[118,149],"accurately":[121],"detects":[122],"with":[124,148],"a":[125,161],"count":[126],"that":[127],"closely":[128],"matches":[129],"truth.":[132],"Across":[133],"different":[134],"datasets,":[135],"demonstrates":[139],"improved":[140],"consistency":[141],"both":[143],"location":[144],"quantity":[146],"estimation,":[147],"predictions":[150],"correcting":[151],"substantial":[152],"over-detection":[153],"seen":[154],"raw":[156],"outputs.":[157],"presents":[160],"practical":[162],"framework":[163],"applying":[165],"learning":[167],"data,":[170],"enhancing":[171],"reliability":[173],"diverse":[178],"field":[179],"testing":[180],"conditions.":[183],"findings":[185],"highlight":[186],"importance":[188],"developing":[190],"tailored":[191],"training":[192],"post-processing":[195],"strategies":[196],"deploying":[198],"AI":[199],"tools":[200],"in-service":[202],"bridge":[203],"inspections.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-27T16:54:17.756197","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
