{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413721586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090731","title":"A Review on Gas Pipeline Leak Detection: Acoustic-Based, OGI-Based, and Multimodal Fusion Methods","display_name":"A Review on Gas Pipeline Leak Detection: Acoustic-Based, OGI-Based, and Multimodal Fusion Methods","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413721586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090731"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16090731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090731","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/731/pdf?version=1756124378","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/731/pdf?version=1756124378","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yankun Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5483-0335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133524","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03prcq065","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123885","https://openalex.org/I4210133524","https://openalex.org/I4210137180"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yankun Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5483-0335","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chao Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4558-9379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133524","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03prcq065","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123885","https://openalex.org/I4210133524","https://openalex.org/I4210137180"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4558-9379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035177568","display_name":"Zhengxi He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4639-3666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133524","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03prcq065","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123885","https://openalex.org/I4210133524","https://openalex.org/I4210137180"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengxi He","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102737588","display_name":"Yifan Jian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8211-3046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133524","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03prcq065","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123885","https://openalex.org/I4210133524","https://openalex.org/I4210137180"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Jian","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8211-3046","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049627885","display_name":"Xiaoye Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-638X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133524","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03prcq065","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123885","https://openalex.org/I4210133524","https://openalex.org/I4210137180"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoye Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-638X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haineng Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133524","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03prcq065","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123885","https://openalex.org/I4210133524","https://openalex.org/I4210137180"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haineng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133524"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xintai Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133524","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03prcq065","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123885","https://openalex.org/I4210133524","https://openalex.org/I4210137180"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xintai Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133524"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133524"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":7.0748,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97864505,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"9","first_page":"731","last_page":"731"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12086","display_name":"Structural Integrity and Reliability Analysis","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5711089372634888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leak","display_name":"Leak","score":0.5418326258659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5277329683303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leak-detection","display_name":"Leak detection","score":0.49081382155418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.42353394627571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petroleum-engineering","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","score":0.35049933195114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3314134180545807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22804367542266846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10345235466957092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-engineering","display_name":"Environmental engineering","score":0.05512991547584534}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5711089372634888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349983","display_name":"Leak","level":2,"score":0.5418326258659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5277329683303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987355568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420957","display_name":"Leak detection","level":3,"score":0.49081382155418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.42353394627571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.35049933195114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3314134180545807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22804367542266846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10345235466957092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.05512991547584534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16090731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090731","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/731/pdf?version=1756124378","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2cad47e905be4d1695e17bc2fc7d0f57","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2cad47e905be4d1695e17bc2fc7d0f57","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 9, p 731 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16090731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090731","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/9/731/pdf?version=1756124378","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313853","display_name":"Nuclear Power Institute of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413721586.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413721586.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522734439","https://openalex.org/W1867429401","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1910108985","https://openalex.org/W2024697476","https://openalex.org/W2079132168","https://openalex.org/W2119942537","https://openalex.org/W2127561630","https://openalex.org/W2136831404","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2520380507","https://openalex.org/W2527226479","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570124357","https://openalex.org/W2587649600","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2622826443","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2762439315","https://openalex.org/W2791315583","https://openalex.org/W2796945257","https://openalex.org/W2799213142","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2922209612","https://openalex.org/W2953987170","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963091558","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2966832627","https://openalex.org/W2988600867","https://openalex.org/W2989504035","https://openalex.org/W2993063017","https://openalex.org/W2996119676","https://openalex.org/W2997674761","https://openalex.org/W3005533248","https://openalex.org/W3006242133","https://openalex.org/W3034421924","https://openalex.org/W3038529156","https://openalex.org/W3045443807","https://openalex.org/W3047607035","https://openalex.org/W3059124711","https://openalex.org/W3111370974","https://openalex.org/W3112626755","https://openalex.org/W3120093269","https://openalex.org/W3124436832","https://openalex.org/W3127748940","https://openalex.org/W3153742613","https://openalex.org/W3160890981","https://openalex.org/W3162997705","https://openalex.org/W3176278398","https://openalex.org/W3185425162","https://openalex.org/W3197097588","https://openalex.org/W3206489419","https://openalex.org/W4200304760","https://openalex.org/W4212913476","https://openalex.org/W4220657974","https://openalex.org/W4247263486","https://openalex.org/W4248936881","https://openalex.org/W4249022109","https://openalex.org/W4281249879","https://openalex.org/W4291391687","https://openalex.org/W4312943501","https://openalex.org/W4323657311","https://openalex.org/W4378839534","https://openalex.org/W4382405190","https://openalex.org/W4382727417","https://openalex.org/W4382934641","https://openalex.org/W4386076493","https://openalex.org/W4386822342","https://openalex.org/W4387056328","https://openalex.org/W4387204662","https://openalex.org/W4389101826","https://openalex.org/W4389317876","https://openalex.org/W4389903251","https://openalex.org/W4391202890","https://openalex.org/W4391364325","https://openalex.org/W4391688287","https://openalex.org/W4392131573","https://openalex.org/W4394011402","https://openalex.org/W4395063539","https://openalex.org/W4400324230","https://openalex.org/W4400527345","https://openalex.org/W4401109468","https://openalex.org/W4401170631","https://openalex.org/W4402439788","https://openalex.org/W4402829771","https://openalex.org/W4402903972","https://openalex.org/W4403533457","https://openalex.org/W4404787578","https://openalex.org/W4404970970","https://openalex.org/W4405927477","https://openalex.org/W4406834568","https://openalex.org/W4407391948","https://openalex.org/W4407577908","https://openalex.org/W4408548687","https://openalex.org/W4409657635","https://openalex.org/W4411540109"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3214439523","https://openalex.org/W2357422790","https://openalex.org/W1968766800","https://openalex.org/W1553563528","https://openalex.org/W2089419128","https://openalex.org/W2271340062","https://openalex.org/W2356864307","https://openalex.org/W4389695218","https://openalex.org/W2371267147","https://openalex.org/W2391748782"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pipelines":[0],"play":[1],"a":[2,28,280,316],"vital":[3],"role":[4],"in":[5,23,218,322],"material":[6],"transportation":[7],"within":[8],"industrial":[9,25],"settings.":[10],"This":[11,111],"review":[12],"synthesizes":[13],"detection":[14,43,75,78,135,153,199,302],"technologies":[15,310],"for":[16,88,299],"early-stage":[17],"small":[18],"gas":[19,34,86,147],"leaks":[20,57,87],"from":[21,64,169,206,271],"pipelines":[22],"the":[24,50,53,80,133,152,275,305],"sector,":[26],"with":[27,66],"focus":[29,318],"on":[30],"acoustic-based":[31],"methods,":[32],"optical":[33,177,213],"imaging":[35,142],"(OGI),":[36],"and":[37,49,97,121,130,137,148,167,185,193,212,225,237,246,311],"multimodal":[38,294],"fusion":[39,202,236,239,242,260,268,295],"approaches.":[40],"It":[41],"encompasses":[42],"principles,":[44],"inherent":[45],"challenges,":[46],"mitigation":[47],"strategies,":[48],"state":[51],"of":[52,154,248,307,319],"art":[54],"(SOTA).":[55],"Small":[56],"refer":[58],"to":[59,103,144,151,197,314],"low":[60,162,165],"flow":[61,178],"leakage":[62,146],"originating":[63],"defects":[65],"apertures":[67],"at":[68],"millimeter":[69],"or":[70],"submillimeter":[71],"scales,":[72],"posing":[73],"significant":[74,297],"difficulties.":[76],"Acoustic":[77],"leverages":[79],"acoustic":[81,211],"wave":[82],"signals":[83],"generated":[84],"by":[85],"non-contact":[89],"monitoring,":[90],"offering":[91],"advantages":[92],"such":[93,209],"as":[94,210],"rapid":[95],"response":[96],"broad":[98],"coverage.":[99],"However,":[100],"its":[101],"susceptibility":[102],"environmental":[104],"noise":[105],"interference":[106,168],"often":[107],"triggers":[108],"false":[109],"alarms.":[110],"limitation":[112],"can":[113],"be":[114],"mitigated":[115],"through":[116],"time-frequency":[117],"analysis,":[118],"multi-sensor":[119],"fusion,":[120],"deep-learning":[122],"algorithms\u2014effectively":[123],"enhancing":[124,301],"leak":[125],"signals,":[126],"suppressing":[127],"background":[128,175],"noise,":[129],"thereby":[131],"improving":[132],"system\u2019s":[134],"robustness":[136],"accuracy.":[138],"OGI":[139],"utilizes":[140],"infrared":[141],"technology":[143,203],"visualize":[145],"is":[149,255,312],"applicable":[150],"various":[155],"polar":[156],"gases.":[157],"Its":[158],"primary":[159],"limitations":[160],"include":[161],"image":[163,191],"resolution,":[164],"contrast,":[166],"complex":[170],"backgrounds.":[171],"Mitigation":[172],"techniques":[173],"involve":[174],"subtraction,":[176],"estimation,":[179],"fully":[180],"convolutional":[181],"neural":[182],"networks":[183],"(FCNNs),":[184],"vision":[186],"transformers":[187],"(ViTs),":[188],"which":[189],"enhance":[190],"contrast":[192],"extract":[194],"multi-scale":[195],"features":[196],"boost":[198],"precision.":[200],"Multimodal":[201],"integrates":[204],"data":[205,229,270],"diverse":[207],"sensors,":[208],"devices.":[214],"Key":[215],"challenges":[216],"lie":[217],"achieving":[219],"spatiotemporal":[220],"synchronization":[221],"across":[222],"multiple":[223],"sensors":[224],"effectively":[226,285],"fusing":[227],"heterogeneous":[228,265],"streams.":[230],"Current":[231],"methodologies":[232],"primarily":[233],"utilize":[234],"decision-level":[235],"feature-level":[238,259],"techniques.":[240],"Decision-level":[241],"offers":[243],"high":[244],"flexibility":[245],"ease":[247],"implementation":[249],"but":[250],"lacks":[251],"inter-feature":[252],"interaction;":[253],"it":[254],"less":[256],"effective":[257],"than":[258],"when":[261],"correlations":[262],"exist":[263],"between":[264],"features.":[266],"Feature-level":[267],"amalgamates":[269],"different":[272],"modalities":[273],"during":[274],"feature":[276],"extraction":[277],"phase,":[278],"generating":[279],"unified":[281],"cross-modal":[282],"representation":[283],"that":[284,293],"resolves":[286],"inter-modal":[287],"heterogeneity.":[288],"In":[289],"conclusion,":[290],"we":[291],"posit":[292],"holds":[296],"potential":[298],"further":[300],"accuracy":[303],"beyond":[304],"capabilities":[306],"existing":[308],"single-modality":[309],"poised":[313],"become":[315],"major":[317],"future":[320],"research":[321],"this":[323],"domain.":[324]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
