{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413003778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080669","title":"HBiLD-IDS: An Efficient Hybrid BiLSTM-DNN Model for Real-Time Intrusion Detection in IoMT Networks","display_name":"HBiLD-IDS: An Efficient Hybrid BiLSTM-DNN Model for Real-Time Intrusion Detection in IoMT Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413003778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080669"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16080669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080669","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119227460","display_name":"Hamed Benahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I233209018","display_name":"University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd","ror":"https://ror.org/00jsjm362","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I233209018"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hamed Benahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["LRIT Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LRIT Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I233209018"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099118360","display_name":"Mohammed M\u2019hamedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7899-2185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I233209018","display_name":"University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd","ror":"https://ror.org/00jsjm362","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I233209018"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed M\u2019hamedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure en Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es de Tlemcen, University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd, BP 165 RP Bel Horizon, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria","LRIT Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure en Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es de Tlemcen, University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd, BP 165 RP Bel Horizon, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I233209018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LRIT Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I233209018"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119227461","display_name":"Mohammed Merzoug","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0426-1668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I233209018","display_name":"University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd","ror":"https://ror.org/00jsjm362","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I233209018"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Merzoug","raw_affiliation_strings":["LRIT Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LRIT Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I233209018"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009341041","display_name":"Mourad Hadjila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6554-3925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I233209018","display_name":"University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd","ror":"https://ror.org/00jsjm362","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I233209018"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mourad Hadjila","raw_affiliation_strings":["STIC Laboratory, Department of Telecommunication, Faculty of Technology, University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STIC Laboratory, Department of Telecommunication, Faculty of Technology, University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I233209018"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003461559","display_name":"Amina Bekkouche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1987-9065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I233209018","display_name":"University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd","ror":"https://ror.org/00jsjm362","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I233209018"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amina Bekkouche","raw_affiliation_strings":["LRIT Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LRIT Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I233209018"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010473604","display_name":"Abdelhak Etchiali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I233209018","display_name":"University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd","ror":"https://ror.org/00jsjm362","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I233209018"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelhak Etchiali","raw_affiliation_strings":["LRIT Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LRIT Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I233209018"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086430193","display_name":"Sa\u00efd Mahmoudi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130929987","display_name":"University of Mons","ror":"https://ror.org/02qnnz951","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130929987"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sa\u00efd Mahmoudi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130929987"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086430193","https://openalex.org/A5119227460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130929987","https://openalex.org/I233209018"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.9775,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92287578,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"8","first_page":"669","last_page":"669"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.7232783436775208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6620818376541138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4161340296268463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3379335105419159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33502528071403503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3225495517253876}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.7232783436775208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6620818376541138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4161340296268463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3379335105419159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33502528071403503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3225495517253876}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16080669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbi.umons.ac.be:20.500.12907/55394","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbi.umons.ac.be/handle/20.500.12907/55394","pdf_url":"https://orbi.umons.ac.be/bitstream/20.500.12907/55394/1/information-16-00669%20Hamed.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055454","display_name":"ORBi UMONS","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information (Switzerland), 16 (8), 669 (2025-08-01)","raw_type":"peer reviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:50ff8db65b57428f999ee86cfbcb4c82","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/50ff8db65b57428f999ee86cfbcb4c82","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 8, p 669 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16080669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2782434659","https://openalex.org/W2792393148","https://openalex.org/W2892077825","https://openalex.org/W2895385416","https://openalex.org/W2996789024","https://openalex.org/W3045149779","https://openalex.org/W4283792867","https://openalex.org/W4307273478","https://openalex.org/W4307996342","https://openalex.org/W4308446467","https://openalex.org/W4376849318","https://openalex.org/W4386070139","https://openalex.org/W4387010514","https://openalex.org/W4388228530","https://openalex.org/W4390483481","https://openalex.org/W4390616416","https://openalex.org/W4390861584","https://openalex.org/W4392029839","https://openalex.org/W4392877316","https://openalex.org/W4398160604","https://openalex.org/W4399283298","https://openalex.org/W4400255065","https://openalex.org/W4401419497","https://openalex.org/W4402035331","https://openalex.org/W4403956651","https://openalex.org/W4405516371","https://openalex.org/W4406065759","https://openalex.org/W4406137943","https://openalex.org/W4406175876","https://openalex.org/W4407003114","https://openalex.org/W4408406896","https://openalex.org/W4408918479","https://openalex.org/W4409191127","https://openalex.org/W4409276848","https://openalex.org/W4410336663","https://openalex.org/W4410351913","https://openalex.org/W6701219003","https://openalex.org/W6860984568","https://openalex.org/W6873611139","https://openalex.org/W6875839264"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357468538","https://openalex.org/W1577110157","https://openalex.org/W2355007334","https://openalex.org/W2390009783","https://openalex.org/W4254602698","https://openalex.org/W2394461323","https://openalex.org/W2364419519","https://openalex.org/W2360767377","https://openalex.org/W2017948608","https://openalex.org/W2360951146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,73,98],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,22,28,88,134,152,174],"Medical":[3],"Things":[4],"(IoMT)":[5],"is":[6,75],"revolutionizing":[7],"healthcare":[8,96],"by":[9],"enabling":[10],"continuous":[11],"patient":[12],"monitoring,":[13],"early":[14],"diagnosis,":[15],"and":[16,25,69,77,90,111,114,128,136,161],"personalized":[17],"treatments.":[18],"However,":[19],"the":[20,26,80,86,132,144,171],"het-erogeneity":[21],"IoMT":[23,175],"devices":[24,89],"lack":[27],"standardized":[29],"protocols":[30],"introduce":[31],"serious":[32],"security":[33,172],"vulnerabilities.":[34],"To":[35],"address":[36],"these":[37],"challenges,":[38],"we":[39],"propose":[40],"a":[41,149,166],"hybrid":[42],"BiLSTM-DNN":[43],"intrusion":[44],"detection":[45,126],"system,":[46],"named":[47],"HBiLD-IDS,":[48],"that":[49,143],"combines":[50],"Bidirectional":[51],"Long":[52],"Short-Term":[53],"Memory":[54],"(BiLSTM)":[55],"networks":[56,176],"with":[57],"Deep":[58],"Neural":[59],"Networks":[60],"(DNNs),":[61],"leveraging":[62],"both":[63],"temporal":[64],"dependencies":[65],"in":[66,94,131],"network":[67],"traffic":[68],"hierarchical":[70],"feature":[71,106,115],"extraction.":[72],"model":[74,147],"trained":[76],"evaluated":[78],"on":[79],"CICIoMT2024":[81],"dataset,":[82],"which":[83],"accurately":[84],"reflects":[85],"diversity":[87],"attack":[91,138,156],"vectors":[92],"encountered":[93],"connected":[95],"environments.":[97],"dataset":[99],"undergoes":[100],"rigorous":[101],"preprocessing,":[102],"including":[103],"data":[104],"cleaning,":[105],"selection":[107],"through":[108],"correlation":[109],"analysis":[110],"recursive":[112],"elimination,":[113],"normalization.":[116],"Compared":[117],"to":[118],"existing":[119],"IDS":[120,146],"models,":[121],"our":[122],"approach":[123,164],"significantly":[124],"enhances":[125],"accuracy":[127,151],"generalization":[129],"capacity":[130],"face":[133],"complex":[135],"evolving":[137],"patterns.":[139],"Experimental":[140],"results":[141],"show":[142],"proposed":[145],"achieves":[148],"classification":[150],"98.81%":[153],"across":[154],"19":[155],"types":[157],"confirming":[158],"its":[159],"robustness":[160],"scalability.":[162],"This":[163],"represents":[165],"promising":[167],"solution":[168],"for":[169],"strengthening":[170],"posture":[173],"against":[177],"emerging":[178],"cyber":[179],"threats.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}