{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412995605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080655","title":"Development of a Method for Determining Password Formation Rules Using Neural Networks","display_name":"Development of a Method for Determining Password Formation Rules Using Neural Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412995605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080655"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16080655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080655","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/8/655/pdf?version=1753964081","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/8/655/pdf?version=1753964081","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073556511","display_name":"Leila Rzayeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3382-4685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141757","display_name":"Astana Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038mavt60","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leila Rzayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Innovation Center \u201cCyberTech\u201d, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","Research and Innovation Center \"CyberTech\", Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3382-4685","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center \u201cCyberTech\u201d, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center \"CyberTech\", Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119223036","display_name":"Alissa Ryzhova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141757","display_name":"Astana Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038mavt60","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alissa Ryzhova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Innovation Center \u201cCyberTech\u201d, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","Research and Innovation Center \"CyberTech\", Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3781-1773","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center \u201cCyberTech\u201d, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center \"CyberTech\", Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119223037","display_name":"Merei Zhaparkhanova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141757","display_name":"Astana Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038mavt60","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Merei Zhaparkhanova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Innovation Center \u201cCyberTech\u201d, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","Research and Innovation Center \"CyberTech\", Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7177-7805","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center \u201cCyberTech\u201d, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center \"CyberTech\", Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073515181","display_name":"Ali Myrzatay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5339-2437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141757","display_name":"Astana Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038mavt60","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Myrzatay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Innovation Center \u201cCyberTech\u201d, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","Research and Innovation Center \"CyberTech\", Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5339-2437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center \u201cCyberTech\u201d, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center \"CyberTech\", Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119223038","display_name":"Olzhas Konakbayev","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141757","display_name":"Astana Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038mavt60","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olzhas Konakbayev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Innovation Center \u201cCyberTech\u201d, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","Research and Innovation Center \"CyberTech\", Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9156-4858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center \u201cCyberTech\u201d, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center \"CyberTech\", Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117538800","display_name":"Abilkair Imanberdi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141757","display_name":"Astana Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038mavt60","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abilkair Imanberdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Innovation Center \u201cCyberTech\u201d, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","Research and Innovation Center \"CyberTech\", Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6144-2392","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center \u201cCyberTech\u201d, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center \"CyberTech\", Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022300884","display_name":"Yussuf Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4079-9243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yussuf Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7BD, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4079-9243","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7BD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119223039","display_name":"Zhaksylyk Kozhakhmet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141757","display_name":"Astana Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038mavt60","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaksylyk Kozhakhmet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Innovation Center \u201cCyberTech\u201d, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","Research and Innovation Center \"CyberTech\", Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5449-3317","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center \u201cCyberTech\u201d, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center \"CyberTech\", Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073556511"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":5.1097,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95512728,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"8","first_page":"655","last_page":"655"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.7678073644638062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6013962626457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5827029943466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40501293540000916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3203091025352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2737499475479126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.7678073644638062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6013962626457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5827029943466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40501293540000916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3203091025352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2737499475479126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16080655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080655","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/8/655/pdf?version=1753964081","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk:16607","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402654","display_name":"BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","host_organization_name":"Birmingham City University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:eea4e020ad034509a20fcc33d859b7dd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/eea4e020ad034509a20fcc33d859b7dd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 8, p 655 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16080655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080655","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/8/655/pdf?version=1753964081","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412995605.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412995605.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W140325011","https://openalex.org/W1993263140","https://openalex.org/W2030112111","https://openalex.org/W2113266120","https://openalex.org/W2463456957","https://openalex.org/W2538793708","https://openalex.org/W2751688886","https://openalex.org/W2765667105","https://openalex.org/W2891820333","https://openalex.org/W2951929390","https://openalex.org/W2963532563","https://openalex.org/W3212675275","https://openalex.org/W4399710201","https://openalex.org/W4404082866"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W143386018","https://openalex.org/W1004582678","https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W2090949570","https://openalex.org/W2263162522","https://openalex.org/W2134080857","https://openalex.org/W1989237518"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"According":[0],"to":[1,59,103,107,110,153,212,235],"the":[2,19,50,66,70,82,95,135,155,173],"latest":[3],"Verizon":[4],"DBIR":[5],"report,":[6],"credential":[7],"abuse,":[8],"including":[9],"password":[10,16,43,61,90,140,175],"reuse":[11],"and":[12,37,74,129,157,180,190,200,223,233],"human":[13],"factors":[14],"in":[15,69,89,105,139],"creation,":[17],"remains":[18],"leading":[20],"attack":[21],"vector.":[22],"It":[23],"was":[24],"revealed":[25],"that":[26,100,133,209],"most":[27,136],"users":[28,88,179],"change":[29],"their":[30],"passwords":[31,147],"only":[32],"when":[33],"they":[34],"forget":[35],"them,":[36],"35%":[38],"of":[39,52,72,97,144,166,171,178],"respondents":[40],"find":[41],"mandatory":[42],"rotation":[44],"policies":[45],"inconvenient.":[46],"These":[47],"findings":[48],"highlight":[49],"importance":[51],"combining":[53],"technical":[54],"solutions":[55],"with":[56],"user-focused":[57],"education":[58],"strengthen":[60],"security.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64,201],"research,":[65],"\u201chuman":[67],"factor":[68],"creation":[71,176],"usernames":[73],"passwords\u201d":[75],"is":[76,198,203],"considered":[77],"a":[78,123,186,195,206],"vulnerability,":[79],"as":[80],"identifying":[81],"patterns":[83],"or":[84],"rules":[85],"used":[86,152],"by":[87],"generation":[91],"can":[92],"significantly":[93],"reduce":[94],"number":[96],"possible":[98],"combinations":[99],"attackers":[101],"need":[102],"try":[104],"order":[106],"gain":[108],"access":[109],"personal":[111],"data.":[112],"The":[113],"proposed":[114],"method":[115,170],"based":[116],"on":[117],"an":[118,215],"LSTM":[119,216],"model":[120,156,217],"operates":[121],"at":[122],"character":[124],"level,":[125],"detecting":[126],"recurrent":[127],"structures":[128],"generating":[130],"generalized":[131],"masks":[132],"reflect":[134],"common":[137],"components":[138],"creation.":[141],"Open":[142],"datasets":[143],"31,000":[145],"compromised":[146],"from":[148,185],"real-world":[149],"leaks":[150],"were":[151],"train":[154],"it":[158,220],"achieved":[159],"over":[160],"90%":[161],"test":[162],"accuracy":[163],"without":[164],"signs":[165],"overfitting.":[167],"A":[168],"new":[169],"evaluating":[172],"individual":[174],"habits":[177],"automatically":[181],"fetching":[182],"context-rich":[183],"keywords":[184],"user\u2019s":[187],"public":[188],"web":[189,207],"social":[191],"media":[192],"footprint":[193],"via":[194],"keyword-extraction":[196],"algorithm":[197],"developed,":[199],"approach":[202],"incorporated":[204],"into":[205],"application":[208],"allows":[210],"clients":[211],"locally":[213],"fine-tune":[214],"locally,":[218],"run":[219],"through":[221],"ONNX,":[222],"carry":[224],"out":[225],"all":[226],"inference":[227],"on-device,":[228],"ensuring":[229],"complete":[230],"data":[231],"confidentiality":[232],"adherence":[234],"privacy":[236],"regulations.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
