{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412540150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16070618","title":"YOLO-SSFA: A Lightweight Real-Time Infrared Detection Method for Small Targets","display_name":"YOLO-SSFA: A Lightweight Real-Time Infrared Detection Method for Small Targets","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412540150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16070618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16070618","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16070618","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/7/618/pdf?version=1753000030","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/7/618/pdf?version=1753000030","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069107728","display_name":"Yuchi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1961-549X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22716506","display_name":"Lanzhou University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03panb555","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084292900","display_name":"Minghua Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1610-2007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22716506","display_name":"Lanzhou University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03panb555","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minghua Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1610-2007","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106406351","display_name":"Qing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1271-3883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22716506","display_name":"Lanzhou University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03panb555","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100333636","display_name":"Yue Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5318-2475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22716506","display_name":"Lanzhou University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03panb555","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102967055","display_name":"Zexuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8313-5773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22716506","display_name":"Lanzhou University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03panb555","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zexuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084292900"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":2.9216,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91528688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"7","first_page":"618","last_page":"618"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11637","display_name":"Advanced Semiconductor Detectors and Materials","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.6574795842170715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4656636714935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.37390220165252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15480026602745056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1185712218284607}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.6574795842170715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4656636714935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.37390220165252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15480026602745056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1185712218284607}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16070618","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16070618","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/7/618/pdf?version=1753000030","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:675700f7cc6044a99ef4fd0d2db34973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/675700f7cc6044a99ef4fd0d2db34973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 7, p 618 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16070618","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16070618","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/7/618/pdf?version=1753000030","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2691549974","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24JRRA183","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322880","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4384462559","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62265010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322880","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412540150.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412540150.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W2006851788","https://openalex.org/W2032135614","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2067173181","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2803148642","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2904482251","https://openalex.org/W2922509574","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2977377165","https://openalex.org/W3014641072","https://openalex.org/W3032984651","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3152576252","https://openalex.org/W3166716987","https://openalex.org/W4212863773","https://openalex.org/W4220827371","https://openalex.org/W4285804308","https://openalex.org/W4287878582","https://openalex.org/W4293795140","https://openalex.org/W4294690680","https://openalex.org/W4362557551","https://openalex.org/W4372347372","https://openalex.org/W4385422154","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W4386281812","https://openalex.org/W4386748549","https://openalex.org/W4389274747","https://openalex.org/W4392903290","https://openalex.org/W4399673498","https://openalex.org/W4406125281","https://openalex.org/W4409723837","https://openalex.org/W4409869140","https://openalex.org/W6862564359"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2078814861","https://openalex.org/W2527526854","https://openalex.org/W1976181487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Infrared":[0],"small":[1],"target":[2],"detection":[3,49],"is":[4],"crucial":[5],"for":[6,104],"military":[7],"surveillance":[8],"and":[9,15,51,70,73,87,95],"autonomous":[10],"driving.":[11],"However,":[12],"complex":[13],"scenes":[14],"weak":[16],"signal":[17],"characteristics":[18],"make":[19],"the":[20,85],"identification":[21],"of":[22,93],"such":[23],"targets":[24],"particularly":[25],"difficult.":[26],"This":[27],"study":[28],"proposes":[29],"YOLO-SSFA,":[30],"an":[31],"enhanced":[32],"You":[33],"Only":[34],"Look":[35],"Once":[36],"version":[37],"11":[38],"(YOLOv11)":[39],"model":[40],"with":[41],"three":[42],"modules:":[43],"Scale-Sequence":[44],"Feature":[45],"Fusion":[46],"(SSFF),":[47],"LiteShiftHead":[48,64],"head,":[50],"Noise":[52],"Suppression":[53],"Network":[54],"(NSN).":[55],"SSFF":[56],"improves":[57],"multi-scale":[58],"feature":[59],"representation":[60],"through":[61],"adaptive":[62],"fusion;":[63],"boosts":[65],"efficiency":[66],"via":[67],"sparse":[68],"convolution":[69],"dynamic":[71],"integration;":[72],"NSN":[74],"enhances":[75],"localization":[76],"accuracy":[77],"by":[78],"focusing":[79],"on":[80,84],"key":[81],"regions.":[82],"Experiments":[83],"HIT-UAV":[86],"FLIR":[88],"datasets":[89],"show":[90],"mAP50":[91],"scores":[92],"94.9%":[94],"85%,":[96],"respectively.":[97],"These":[98],"findings":[99],"showcase":[100],"YOLO-SSFA\u2019s":[101],"strong":[102],"potential":[103],"real-time":[105],"deployment":[106],"in":[107],"challenging":[108],"infrared":[109],"environments.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
