{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412197194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16070593","title":"Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Improved Glaucoma Diagnostic Accuracy","display_name":"Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Improved Glaucoma Diagnostic Accuracy","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412197194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16070593"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16070593","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16070593","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/7/593/pdf?version=1752115209","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/7/593/pdf?version=1752115209","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085259253","display_name":"Nahum Flores","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5807-4323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192513696","display_name":"National University of San Marcos","ror":"https://ror.org/006vs7897","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192513696"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nahum Flores","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Systems Engineering, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5807-4323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Systems Engineering, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192513696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046364565","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 La Rosa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192513696","display_name":"National University of San Marcos","ror":"https://ror.org/006vs7897","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192513696"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 La Rosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Systems Engineering, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Systems Engineering, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192513696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060049182","display_name":"Sebastian Tuesta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0158-0564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192513696","display_name":"National University of San Marcos","ror":"https://ror.org/006vs7897","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192513696"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Tuesta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Systems Engineering, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0158-0564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Systems Engineering, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192513696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074818134","display_name":"Luis Izquierdo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9405-4581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192513696","display_name":"National University of San Marcos","ror":"https://ror.org/006vs7897","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192513696"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Izquierdo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192513696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025662657","display_name":"Mar\u00eda A. Henr\u00edquez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9392-5536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124313","display_name":"EsSALUD","ror":"https://ror.org/0232mk144","country_code":"PE","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124313"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar\u00eda Henriquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Department, Instituto Oftalmosalud, Lima 15046, Peru"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Department, Instituto Oftalmosalud, Lima 15046, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124313"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069765158","display_name":"David Mauricio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9262-626X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192513696","display_name":"National University of San Marcos","ror":"https://ror.org/006vs7897","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192513696"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Mauricio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Systems Engineering, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Systems Engineering, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192513696"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069765158"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192513696"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.8661,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74825745,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"7","first_page":"593","last_page":"593"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glaucoma","display_name":"Glaucoma","score":0.7201926112174988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5552694201469421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5446240305900574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5183728337287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.4409126043319702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34938597679138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.2919245958328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.22529393434524536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778527774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701","display_name":"Glaucoma","level":2,"score":0.7201926112174988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5552694201469421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5446240305900574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5183728337287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.4409126043319702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34938597679138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.2919245958328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.22529393434524536}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16070593","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16070593","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/7/593/pdf?version=1752115209","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:05c26a5726f64d009322c02252faa5d5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/05c26a5726f64d009322c02252faa5d5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 7, p 593 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16070593","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16070593","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/7/593/pdf?version=1752115209","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2251003292","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C22200401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325373","funder_display_name":"Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6865307328","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"005557-2022-R/UNMSM","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325373","funder_display_name":"Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325373","display_name":"Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos","ror":"https://ror.org/006vs7897"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412197194.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412197194.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W883893393","https://openalex.org/W1523493493","https://openalex.org/W1857745189","https://openalex.org/W2108367025","https://openalex.org/W2108405115","https://openalex.org/W2160605010","https://openalex.org/W2161989935","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2330025265","https://openalex.org/W2439133017","https://openalex.org/W2562274121","https://openalex.org/W2595212727","https://openalex.org/W2598940121","https://openalex.org/W2607444182","https://openalex.org/W2673612352","https://openalex.org/W2733902253","https://openalex.org/W2768491633","https://openalex.org/W2771770870","https://openalex.org/W2786379495","https://openalex.org/W2793119512","https://openalex.org/W2883443103","https://openalex.org/W2885628409","https://openalex.org/W2886438696","https://openalex.org/W2887286714","https://openalex.org/W2889242407","https://openalex.org/W2897722020","https://openalex.org/W2900744302","https://openalex.org/W2903117925","https://openalex.org/W2903155668","https://openalex.org/W2903730647","https://openalex.org/W2905339389","https://openalex.org/W2905483812","https://openalex.org/W2907733702","https://openalex.org/W2910548356","https://openalex.org/W2917714716","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2927830611","https://openalex.org/W2934619833","https://openalex.org/W2938600289","https://openalex.org/W2939316306","https://openalex.org/W2942760134","https://openalex.org/W2945322186","https://openalex.org/W2947720326","https://openalex.org/W2963251008","https://openalex.org/W2964087585","https://openalex.org/W2972754658","https://openalex.org/W3035941285","https://openalex.org/W3089848208","https://openalex.org/W3152833586","https://openalex.org/W3164405530","https://openalex.org/W3198350258","https://openalex.org/W4281806484","https://openalex.org/W4293213976","https://openalex.org/W4385397300","https://openalex.org/W4388618655","https://openalex.org/W4393943279","https://openalex.org/W4402712939","https://openalex.org/W4406016296","https://openalex.org/W4409566945","https://openalex.org/W6748140597","https://openalex.org/W6757946132","https://openalex.org/W6766506137"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3082895349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Glaucoma":[0],"is":[1,22,52],"an":[2],"irreversible":[3],"neurodegenerative":[4],"disease":[5],"that":[6,72],"affects":[7],"the":[8,30,50,61,89,94,118,135,146,178],"optic":[9],"nerve,":[10],"leading":[11],"to":[12,24,87,116,121,131,145,151,172,184],"partial":[13],"or":[14],"complete":[15],"vision":[16,26],"loss.":[17],"Early":[18],"and":[19,81,107,166],"accurate":[20],"detection":[21,62,71,99],"crucial":[23],"prevent":[25],"impairment,":[27],"which":[28],"necessitates":[29],"development":[31],"of":[32,56,101,105,110,180],"highly":[33],"precise":[34],"diagnostic":[35],"tools.":[36],"Deep":[37],"learning":[38,162],"(DL)":[39],"has":[40],"emerged":[41],"as":[42],"a":[43,66,83,98,103,108,139,152,155,167],"promising":[44],"approach":[45],"for":[46,69],"glaucoma":[47,70,186],"diagnosis,":[48],"where":[49],"model":[51,68,96,137,148],"trained":[53],"on":[54],"datasets":[55,113],"fundus":[57],"images.":[58],"To":[59],"improve":[60,117],"accuracy,":[63],"we":[64],"propose":[65],"hybrid":[67,95,136,181],"combines":[73],"multiple":[74],"DL":[75,133,182],"models":[76,183],"with":[77,126,160],"two":[78],"fine-tuning":[79],"strategies":[80],"uses":[82],"majority":[84],"voting":[85],"scheme":[86],"determine":[88],"final":[90],"prediction.":[91],"In":[92],"experiments,":[93],"achieved":[97,138],"accuracy":[100,143],"96.55%,":[102],"sensitivity":[104],"98.84%,":[106],"specificity":[109],"94.32%.":[111],"Integrating":[112],"was":[114],"found":[115],"performance":[119],"compared":[120,130,144],"using":[122],"them":[123],"separately":[124],"even":[125],"transfer":[127,161],"learning.":[128],"When":[129],"individual":[132,190],"models,":[134],"20.69%":[140],"improvement":[141,157,169],"in":[142],"best":[147],"when":[149,158,170],"applied":[150,159,171],"single":[153],"dataset,":[154],"13.22%":[156],"across":[163],"all":[164,173],"datasets,":[165],"1.72%":[168],"datasets.":[174],"These":[175],"results":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"potential":[179],"detect":[185],"more":[187],"accurately":[188],"than":[189],"models.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
