{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411185036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060480","title":"Uncovering Key Factors of Student Performance in Math: An Explainable Deep Learning Approach Using TIMSS 2019 Data","display_name":"Uncovering Key Factors of Student Performance in Math: An Explainable Deep Learning Approach Using TIMSS 2019 Data","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411185036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060480"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16060480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060480","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/6/480/pdf?version=1749547575","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/6/480/pdf?version=1749547575","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092558649","display_name":"Abdelamine Elouafi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5877-2997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121676899","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Ibn-Tofail","ror":"https://ror.org/02wj89n04","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdelamine Elouafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Telecommunications Systems and Decision Engineering, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, BP 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5877-2997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Telecommunications Systems and Decision Engineering, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, BP 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092558648","display_name":"Ilyas Tammouch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2752-4413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121676899","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Ibn-Tofail","ror":"https://ror.org/02wj89n04","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilyas Tammouch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Telecommunications Systems and Decision Engineering, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, BP 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2752-4413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Telecommunications Systems and Decision Engineering, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, BP 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007091541","display_name":"Souad Eddarouich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7416-0697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129555","display_name":"Centre R\u00e9gional Africain des Sciences et Technologies de l'Espace","ror":"https://ror.org/02szraw88","country_code":"MA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129555"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Souad Eddarouich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Regional Educational Center, Rabat 10000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Regional Educational Center, Rabat 10000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129555"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041616251","display_name":"Raja Touahni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7417-9168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121676899","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Ibn-Tofail","ror":"https://ror.org/02wj89n04","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raja Touahni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Telecommunications Systems and Decision Engineering, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, BP 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Telecommunications Systems and Decision Engineering, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, BP 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092558649"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":8.3104,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97152834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"6","first_page":"480","last_page":"480"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.6906656622886658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6754002571105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3826630711555481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36076459288597107}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.6906656622886658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6754002571105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3826630711555481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36076459288597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16060480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060480","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/6/480/pdf?version=1749547575","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2049c40bdad7470a9c35b1c1bf8589b2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2049c40bdad7470a9c35b1c1bf8589b2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 6, p 480 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16060480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060480","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/6/480/pdf?version=1749547575","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411185036.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411185036.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069182585","https://openalex.org/W2082222199","https://openalex.org/W2097371935","https://openalex.org/W2146184993","https://openalex.org/W2282012917","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2423317702","https://openalex.org/W2590338151","https://openalex.org/W2778455075","https://openalex.org/W2792026509","https://openalex.org/W2947162798","https://openalex.org/W2989939881","https://openalex.org/W2993690246","https://openalex.org/W3207298831","https://openalex.org/W4206245606","https://openalex.org/W4226376674","https://openalex.org/W4240636064","https://openalex.org/W4249598437","https://openalex.org/W4280651558","https://openalex.org/W4281747684","https://openalex.org/W4283276439","https://openalex.org/W4302290912","https://openalex.org/W4392203891","https://openalex.org/W4392336700","https://openalex.org/W4399800820","https://openalex.org/W4400659771","https://openalex.org/W4408495192","https://openalex.org/W4409463461","https://openalex.org/W6747530153","https://openalex.org/W6810530213","https://openalex.org/W6862415489"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"2019,":[1],"the":[2,31,118,136,171],"TIMSS":[3],"study":[4,119,137],"offered":[5],"a":[6,22,99,139,149,154,162],"closer":[7],"look":[8],"at":[9],"how":[10],"Moroccan":[11],"eighth-grade":[12],"students":[13],"were":[14,72],"doing":[15],"in":[16,143],"mathematics.":[17],"The":[18,35,48,115],"data":[19],"came":[20],"from":[21,57,103,117],"sample":[23],"of":[24,66,101,156],"8390":[25],"students;":[26],"37%":[27],"performed":[28],"well,":[29],"while":[30],"remaining":[32],"63%":[33],"struggled.":[34],"goal":[36],"was":[37,50],"to":[38,77,86,109,128],"better":[39],"understand":[40],"which":[41],"contextual":[42],"factors":[43,97],"truly":[44],"influence":[45],"academic":[46],"success.":[47],"dataset":[49],"dense,":[51],"with":[52,93],"over":[53],"700":[54],"variables":[55,89],"drawn":[56],"students,":[58],"teachers,":[59],"and":[60,106,112,125,170],"school":[61],"questionnaires.":[62],"To":[63],"make":[64],"sense":[65],"it,":[67],"advanced":[68],"machine":[69],"learning":[70],"techniques":[71],"applied,":[73],"including":[74],"an":[75],"autoencoder":[76],"reduce":[78],"dimensionality.":[79],"This":[80],"process":[81],"helped":[82],"narrow":[83],"things":[84],"down":[85],"20":[87],"key":[88],"that":[90,166],"strongly":[91],"correlated":[92],"student":[94,107],"performance.":[95],"These":[96],"covered":[98],"range":[100],"influences,":[102],"teaching":[104],"strategies":[105],"engagement":[108],"teacher":[110],"training":[111],"school-level":[113],"resources.":[114],"insights":[116],"offer":[120],"practical":[121],"guidance":[122],"for":[123],"educators":[124],"policymakers":[126],"looking":[127],"design":[129],"targeted,":[130],"effective":[131],"interventions.":[132],"At":[133],"its":[134],"core,":[135],"underscores":[138],"familiar":[140],"truth:":[141],"success":[142],"math":[144],"does":[145],"not":[146],"hinge":[147],"on":[148,153],"single":[150],"element":[151],"but":[152],"web":[155],"interconnected":[157],"conditions.":[158],"Improving":[159],"outcomes":[160],"requires":[161],"holistic":[163],"approach,":[164],"one":[165],"supports":[167],"both":[168],"learners":[169],"people":[172],"guiding":[173],"them.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}