{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410774821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060441","title":"Enhancing Customer Segmentation Through Factor Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD)-Based Approach Using K-Means and Hierarchical Clustering Algorithms","display_name":"Enhancing Customer Segmentation Through Factor Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD)-Based Approach Using K-Means and Hierarchical Clustering Algorithms","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410774821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060441"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16060441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060441","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/6/441/pdf?version=1748267428","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/6/441/pdf?version=1748267428","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117712640","display_name":"Chukwutem Pinic Ufeli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1704-2330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22128151","display_name":"University of Derby","ror":"https://ror.org/02yhrrk59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22128151"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chukwutem Pinic Ufeli","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22128151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070620090","display_name":"Mian Usman Sattar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1457-3021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22128151","display_name":"University of Derby","ror":"https://ror.org/02yhrrk59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22128151"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mian Usman Sattar","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22128151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065521530","display_name":"Raza Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8089-837X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156118397","display_name":"Southampton Solent University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xydav19","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156118397"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raza Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science and Engineering, Solent University, Southampton SO14 0YN, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science and Engineering, Solent University, Southampton SO14 0YN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156118397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077410561","display_name":"Salman Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2860-4095"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salman Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Nazeer Hussain University, ST-2, Near Karimabad, Karachi 75950, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Nazeer Hussain University, ST-2, Near Karimabad, Karachi 75950, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065521530"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156118397"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":14.5381,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98563107,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"6","first_page":"441","last_page":"441"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12384","display_name":"Customer churn and segmentation","score":0.9783999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12384","display_name":"Customer churn and segmentation","score":0.9783999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.657465398311615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6037105321884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-clustering","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","score":0.5952131748199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","score":0.5656867623329163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.47279518842697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.46777430176734924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.44029322266578674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-segmentation","display_name":"Market segmentation","score":0.41931331157684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4074964225292206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3204718828201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.06404387950897217}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.657465398311615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6037105321884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92835128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277447","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","level":3,"score":0.5952131748199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5656867623329163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.47279518842697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.46777430176734924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.44029322266578674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125308379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q363057","display_name":"Market segmentation","level":2,"score":0.41931331157684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4074964225292206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3204718828201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.06404387950897217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16060441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060441","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/6/441/pdf?version=1748267428","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ac288e59c21847aaa01aea6e2b72d375","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ac288e59c21847aaa01aea6e2b72d375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 6, p 441 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/a3e5cb82-e084-4119-be7b-918fc51e132d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.solent.ac.uk/en/publications/a3e5cb82-e084-4119-be7b-918fc51e132d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402589","display_name":"Solent University Research Portal (Solent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I156118397","host_organization_name":"Southampton Solent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156118397"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ufeli, C P, Sattar, M U, Hasan, R & Mahmood, S 2025, 'Enhancing customer segmentation through factor analysis of mixed data (FAMD)-based approach using K-Means and hierarchical clustering algorithms', Information, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 441. https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060441","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16060441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060441","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/6/441/pdf?version=1748267428","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311710","display_name":"University of Derby","ror":"https://ror.org/02yhrrk59"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410774821.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410774821.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2887259601","https://openalex.org/W2891398129","https://openalex.org/W2955105019","https://openalex.org/W2991541823","https://openalex.org/W3048804154","https://openalex.org/W3121130165","https://openalex.org/W3161085427","https://openalex.org/W3169828371","https://openalex.org/W3192916918","https://openalex.org/W3197588786","https://openalex.org/W4281399190","https://openalex.org/W4282824746","https://openalex.org/W4321488455","https://openalex.org/W4327736545","https://openalex.org/W4380085684","https://openalex.org/W4382365319","https://openalex.org/W4383220037","https://openalex.org/W4385407692","https://openalex.org/W4386783527","https://openalex.org/W4387107742","https://openalex.org/W4387572914","https://openalex.org/W4388260808","https://openalex.org/W4389262600","https://openalex.org/W4390780641","https://openalex.org/W4393231396","https://openalex.org/W4396666937","https://openalex.org/W4399486890","https://openalex.org/W6756119790","https://openalex.org/W6802350032","https://openalex.org/W6847360304","https://openalex.org/W6847644793","https://openalex.org/W6860406294","https://openalex.org/W6874768664","https://openalex.org/W6877300808"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2592395359","https://openalex.org/W2535231171","https://openalex.org/W2045342254","https://openalex.org/W1501331687","https://openalex.org/W2326647871","https://openalex.org/W4205247302","https://openalex.org/W2468652214","https://openalex.org/W2501551404","https://openalex.org/W3200375535","https://openalex.org/W2130144716"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"today\u2019s":[1],"data-driven":[2],"business":[3],"landscape,":[4],"effective":[5],"customer":[6,61,74,163,198],"segmentation":[7,75,199],"is":[8,65],"crucial":[9],"for":[10,50,59,197,205],"enhancing":[11],"engagement,":[12],"loyalty,":[13],"and":[14,26,56,124,169,185],"profitability.":[15],"Traditional":[16],"clustering":[17,145],"methods":[18,98],"often":[19],"struggle":[20],"with":[21,54,113],"datasets":[22],"containing":[23],"both":[24],"numerical":[25],"categorical":[27],"variables,":[28],"leading":[29],"to":[30,131],"suboptimal":[31],"segmentation.":[32,62,143],"This":[33,79,188],"study":[34,189],"addresses":[35],"this":[36],"limitation":[37],"by":[38,84,211],"introducing":[39],"a":[40,106],"novel":[41],"application":[42],"of":[43,46,137,177,195],"Factor":[44],"Analysis":[45],"Mixed":[47],"Data":[48],"(FAMD)":[49],"dimensionality":[51],"reduction,":[52],"integrated":[53],"K-means":[55,155],"Agglomerative":[57,149],"Clustering":[58,150],"robust":[60],"While":[63],"FAMD":[64,87,126,196],"not":[66,190],"new":[67],"in":[68,73],"data":[69,91],"analytics,":[70],"its":[71],"potential":[72],"has":[76],"been":[77],"underexplored.":[78],"research":[80],"bridges":[81],"that":[82,96,148],"gap":[83],"demonstrating":[85],"how":[86],"can":[88],"harmonize":[89],"mixed":[90],"types,":[92],"preserving":[93],"structural":[94],"relationships":[95],"conventional":[97],"overlook.":[99],"The":[100],"proposed":[101],"methodology":[102],"was":[103],"tested":[104],"on":[105],"Kaggle-sourced":[107],"retail":[108],"dataset":[109],"comprising":[110],"3900":[111],"customers,":[112],"preprocessing":[114],"steps":[115],"including":[116],"correlation":[117],"ratio":[118],"filtering":[119],"(\u03b7":[120],"\u2265":[121],"0.03),":[122],"standardization,":[123],"encoding.":[125],"reduced":[127],"the":[128,138,175,193,203],"feature":[129],"space":[130],"three":[132],"principal":[133],"components,":[134],"capturing":[135],"81.46%":[136],"variance,":[139],"which":[140],"facilitated":[141],"clearer":[142],"Comparative":[144],"analysis":[146],"showed":[147],"(Silhouette":[151],"Score:":[152],"0.52)":[153],"outperformed":[154],"(0.51)":[156],"at":[157],"k":[158],"=":[159],"4,":[160],"revealing":[161],"distinct":[162],"segments":[164],"such":[165],"as":[166],"seasonal":[167],"shoppers":[168],"high":[170],"spenders.":[171],"Practical":[172],"implications":[173],"include":[174],"development":[176],"targeted":[178],"marketing":[179,208],"strategies,":[180],"validated":[181],"through":[182],"heatmap":[183],"visualizations":[184],"cluster":[186],"profiling.":[187],"only":[191],"underscores":[192],"suitability":[194],"but":[200],"also":[201],"sets":[202],"stage":[204],"more":[206],"nuanced":[207],"analytics":[209],"driven":[210],"mixed-data":[212],"methodologies.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}