{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410721542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060433","title":"A Review of Non-Fully Supervised Deep Learning for Medical Image Segmentation","display_name":"A Review of Non-Fully Supervised Deep Learning for Medical Image Segmentation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410721542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060433"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16060433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060433","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/6/433/pdf?version=1748079406","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/6/433/pdf?version=1748079406","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037987502","display_name":"Xinyue Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5832-8148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyue Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 036000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5832-8148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 036000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100358519","display_name":"Jianfeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-8038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianfeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 036000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 036000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052578398","display_name":"Jinqiao Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinqiao Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 036000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8879-1192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 036000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058269374","display_name":"Xinyu Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 036000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2196-8948","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 036000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100669887","display_name":"Ming Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3582-4881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ming Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium","Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3582-4881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100358519","https://openalex.org/A5100669887"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337","https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":3.6499,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93643411,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"6","first_page":"433","last_page":"433"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7406888604164124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7011496424674988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7005348205566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6614113450050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6065305471420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5933911204338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5922831892967224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4948696494102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.46737140417099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.4516153633594513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.45074090361595154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.41890862584114075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.37780696153640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.14394527673721313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7406888604164124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7011496424674988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7005348205566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6614113450050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6065305471420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5933911204338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5922831892967224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4948696494102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.46737140417099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.4516153633594513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.45074090361595154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.41890862584114075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37780696153640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.14394527673721313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16060433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060433","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/6/433/pdf?version=1748079406","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/772676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/772676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, vol. 16 (6), Art.No. ARTN 433","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:91e9a88e77bb43d187d3bc65c4d2911f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/91e9a88e77bb43d187d3bc65c4d2911f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 6, p 433 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16060433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060433","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/6/433/pdf?version=1748079406","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410721542.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410721542.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":117,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495267108","https://openalex.org/W1641498739","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2083927153","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2110119381","https://openalex.org/W2152772232","https://openalex.org/W2241311631","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2309847090","https://openalex.org/W2337429362","https://openalex.org/W2484736472","https://openalex.org/W2562469482","https://openalex.org/W2585521554","https://openalex.org/W2600144439","https://openalex.org/W2603232889","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2762996341","https://openalex.org/W2763160469","https://openalex.org/W2765294494","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2796762894","https://openalex.org/W2804047627","https://openalex.org/W2805735218","https://openalex.org/W2895871797","https://openalex.org/W2910094941","https://openalex.org/W2914570111","https://openalex.org/W2949477454","https://openalex.org/W2953070460","https://openalex.org/W2959183777","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2963073217","https://openalex.org/W2963797156","https://openalex.org/W2964254852","https://openalex.org/W2973189714","https://openalex.org/W2978079668","https://openalex.org/W2979907638","https://openalex.org/W2995225687","https://openalex.org/W3001197829","https://openalex.org/W3002569343","https://openalex.org/W3006040295","https://openalex.org/W3014293967","https://openalex.org/W3015272069","https://openalex.org/W3016067379","https://openalex.org/W3023282579","https://openalex.org/W3028488363","https://openalex.org/W3032464132","https://openalex.org/W3036883289","https://openalex.org/W3044738063","https://openalex.org/W3049237937","https://openalex.org/W3083779147","https://openalex.org/W3089438819","https://openalex.org/W3090605478","https://openalex.org/W3093394156","https://openalex.org/W3097499499","https://openalex.org/W3100850306","https://openalex.org/W3102255912","https://openalex.org/W3103645830","https://openalex.org/W3105231758","https://openalex.org/W3106549083","https://openalex.org/W3139514168","https://openalex.org/W3142837074","https://openalex.org/W3157088581","https://openalex.org/W3172614365","https://openalex.org/W3204589175","https://openalex.org/W3206125224","https://openalex.org/W3214038996","https://openalex.org/W4221006922","https://openalex.org/W4225370003","https://openalex.org/W4281477828","https://openalex.org/W4282935002","https://openalex.org/W4283011659","https://openalex.org/W4283522011","https://openalex.org/W4284966855","https://openalex.org/W4285040393","https://openalex.org/W4287815264","https://openalex.org/W4296662814","https://openalex.org/W4298395467","https://openalex.org/W4307426725","https://openalex.org/W4307568035","https://openalex.org/W4310466409","https://openalex.org/W4311663126","https://openalex.org/W4312322023","https://openalex.org/W4312566218","https://openalex.org/W4312731085","https://openalex.org/W4312832682","https://openalex.org/W4313166273","https://openalex.org/W4315925340","https://openalex.org/W4318348348","https://openalex.org/W4323924189","https://openalex.org/W4323926462","https://openalex.org/W4380894241","https://openalex.org/W4386075748","https://openalex.org/W4386075981","https://openalex.org/W4386898721","https://openalex.org/W4387211674","https://openalex.org/W4387520869","https://openalex.org/W4388024378","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4391656641","https://openalex.org/W4392013871","https://openalex.org/W4392713732","https://openalex.org/W4394865292","https://openalex.org/W4400617110","https://openalex.org/W4401476980","https://openalex.org/W4405894060","https://openalex.org/W4406097113","https://openalex.org/W4406704574","https://openalex.org/W4406753804","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6733814495","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6756531910","https://openalex.org/W6776305959","https://openalex.org/W6782464220","https://openalex.org/W6798642844"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361861616","https://openalex.org/W2263699433","https://openalex.org/W2377979023","https://openalex.org/W2218034408","https://openalex.org/W2392921965","https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W2358755282","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W2130974462"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Medical":[0],"image":[1,8,95],"segmentation,":[2],"a":[3],"critical":[4],"task":[5],"in":[6,49,67],"medical":[7,94],"analysis,":[9],"aims":[10],"to":[11],"precisely":[12],"delineate":[13],"regions":[14],"of":[15,85],"interest":[16],"(ROIs)":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19],"organs,":[20],"lesions,":[21],"and":[22,24,36,89,108,120,136,144],"cells,":[23],"is":[25],"crucial":[26],"for":[27,93,140],"applications":[28],"including":[29],"computer-aided":[30],"diagnosis,":[31],"surgical":[32],"planning,":[33],"radiation":[34],"therapy,":[35],"pathological":[37],"analysis.":[38],"While":[39],"fully":[40],"supervised":[41,78],"deep":[42],"learning":[43,79,91],"methods":[44],"have":[45],"demonstrated":[46],"remarkable":[47],"performance":[48],"this":[50,71,73,117],"domain,":[51],"their":[52,64],"reliance":[53],"on":[54,76,147],"large-scale,":[55],"pixel-level":[56],"annotated":[57],"datasets\u2014a":[58],"significant":[59],"label":[60],"scarcity":[61],"challenge\u2014severely":[62],"hinders":[63],"widespread":[65],"deployment":[66],"clinical":[68],"settings.":[69],"Addressing":[70],"limitation,":[72],"review":[74],"focuses":[75],"non-fully":[77],"paradigms,":[80],"systematically":[81],"investigating":[82],"the":[83,100,128,142],"application":[84,106],"semi-supervised,":[86],"weakly":[87],"supervised,":[88],"unsupervised":[90],"techniques":[92],"segmentation.":[96],"We":[97],"delve":[98],"into":[99],"theoretical":[101],"foundations,":[102],"core":[103],"advantages,":[104],"typical":[105],"scenarios,":[107],"representative":[109],"algorithmic":[110],"implementations":[111],"associated":[112],"with":[113],"each":[114],"paradigm.":[115],"Furthermore,":[116],"paper":[118],"compiles":[119],"critically":[121],"reviews":[122],"commonly":[123],"utilized":[124],"benchmark":[125],"datasets":[126],"within":[127],"field.":[129],"Finally,":[130],"we":[131],"discuss":[132],"future":[133],"research":[134],"directions":[135],"challenges,":[137],"offering":[138],"insights":[139],"advancing":[141],"field":[143],"reducing":[145],"dependence":[146],"extensive":[148],"annotation.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
