{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409965455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16050369","title":"RL-BMAC: An RL-Based MAC Protocol for Performance Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks","display_name":"RL-BMAC: An RL-Based MAC Protocol for Performance Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409965455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16050369"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16050369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16050369","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/5/369/pdf?version=1746006268","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/5/369/pdf?version=1746006268","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102553387","display_name":"Owais Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I335365548","display_name":"University of Swat","ror":"https://ror.org/01q9mqz67","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I335365548"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Owais Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Technology, University of Swat, Swat 19120, Pakistan","Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 01923, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Technology, University of Swat, Swat 19120, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I335365548"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 01923, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I335365548"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101689078","display_name":"Sana Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2200-2897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I335365548","display_name":"University of Swat","ror":"https://ror.org/01q9mqz67","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I335365548"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sana Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Technology, University of Swat, Swat 19120, Pakistan","Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 01923, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Technology, University of Swat, Swat 19120, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I335365548"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 01923, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I335365548"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038898162","display_name":"Muzammil Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4656-1041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I335365548","display_name":"University of Swat","ror":"https://ror.org/01q9mqz67","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I335365548"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muzammil Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Technology, University of Swat, Swat 19120, Pakistan","Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 01923, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Technology, University of Swat, Swat 19120, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I335365548"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 01923, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I335365548"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102824651","display_name":"Han\u2010Chieh Chao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3222-1708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107470533","display_name":"Tamkang University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tft4718","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107470533"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85148518","display_name":"Fo Guang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046wjy580","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85148518"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han-Chieh Chao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Informatics, Fo Guang University, Yilan 262307, Taiwan","Department of Artificial Intelligence, Tamkang University, New Taipei 251301, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Informatics, Fo Guang University, Yilan 262307, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85148518"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Tamkang University, New Taipei 251301, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107470533"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101689078"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I335365548"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":7.1822,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96903488,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"5","first_page":"369","last_page":"369"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.65392005443573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.6015103459358215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.571142315864563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5095203518867493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.16889432072639465}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.65392005443573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.6015103459358215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.571142315864563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5095203518867493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16889432072639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16050369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16050369","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/5/369/pdf?version=1746006268","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:eae382de0a594c76a02e0f20b6812c60","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/eae382de0a594c76a02e0f20b6812c60","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 5, p 369 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16050369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16050369","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/5/369/pdf?version=1746006268","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409965455.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409965455.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W40520819","https://openalex.org/W1903863260","https://openalex.org/W2035111035","https://openalex.org/W2128569883","https://openalex.org/W2143514830","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2150039965","https://openalex.org/W2165677640","https://openalex.org/W2170469173","https://openalex.org/W2273113005","https://openalex.org/W2508041822","https://openalex.org/W2586825819","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2748304916","https://openalex.org/W2916641566","https://openalex.org/W2958529435","https://openalex.org/W3004181560","https://openalex.org/W3128828844","https://openalex.org/W3159028135","https://openalex.org/W3159048544","https://openalex.org/W3167838795","https://openalex.org/W3213838085","https://openalex.org/W4292560065","https://openalex.org/W4293724310","https://openalex.org/W4324291641","https://openalex.org/W4362503109","https://openalex.org/W4376479172","https://openalex.org/W4381745818","https://openalex.org/W4386823282","https://openalex.org/W4404562805","https://openalex.org/W6681040588","https://openalex.org/W6683195989"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Applications":[0],"of":[1,23,110,147,152,158,177],"wireless":[2,36],"sensor":[3,37,39],"networks":[4,13],"have":[5],"significantly":[6],"increased":[7],"in":[8,20,175],"the":[9,21,57,107,111,136,144,168],"modern":[10],"era.":[11],"These":[12],"operate":[14],"on":[15,31],"a":[16,32,97,139],"limited":[17],"power":[18],"supply":[19],"form":[22],"batteries,":[24],"which":[25],"are":[26],"normally":[27],"difficult":[28],"to":[29,47,89,105,156],"replace":[30],"frequent":[33],"basis.":[34],"In":[35],"networks,":[38],"nodes":[40],"alternate":[41],"between":[42],"sleep":[43],"and":[44,74,130,142,190],"active":[45],"states":[46],"conserve":[48],"energy":[49,72,122,186],"through":[50,161],"different":[51],"methods.":[52,61],"Duty":[53],"cycling":[54,109,146],"is":[55,154],"among":[56],"most":[58],"commonly":[59],"used":[60],"However,":[62],"it":[63],"suffers":[64],"from":[65,167],"problems":[66],"like":[67],"unnecessary":[68],"idle":[69],"listening,":[70],"extra":[71],"consumption,":[73],"packet":[75,124,181],"drop":[76,125,182],"rate.":[77],"A":[78],"Deep":[79],"Reinforcement":[80],"Learning-based":[81],"B-MAC":[82,160,174],"protocol":[83,95],"called":[84],"(RL-BMAC)":[85],"has":[86],"been":[87],"proposed":[88,94],"address":[90],"this":[91],"issue.":[92],"The":[93,113,133,150,164],"deploys":[96],"deep":[98],"reinforcement":[99,114],"learning":[100,115],"agent":[101,116,134],"with":[102],"fixed":[103],"hyperparameters":[104],"optimize":[106],"duty":[108,145],"nodes.":[112,149],"monitors":[117],"essential":[118],"parameters":[119],"such":[120],"as":[121,138],"level,":[123],"rate,":[126],"neighboring":[127],"nodes\u2019":[128],"status,":[129],"preamble":[131],"sampling.":[132],"stores":[135],"information":[137],"representative":[140],"state":[141],"adjusts":[143],"all":[148],"performance":[151],"RL-BMAC":[153,172],"compared":[155],"that":[157,171],"conventional":[159],"extensive":[162],"simulations.":[163],"results":[165],"obtained":[166],"simulations":[169],"indicate":[170],"outperforms":[173],"terms":[176],"throughput":[178],"by":[179,184,188,192],"58.5%,":[180],"rate":[183],"44.8%,":[185],"efficiency":[187],"35%,":[189],"latency":[191],"26.93%":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}