{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409906219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16050351","title":"A Lightweight Deep Learning Model for Profiled SCA Based on Random Convolution Kernels","display_name":"A Lightweight Deep Learning Model for Profiled SCA Based on Random Convolution Kernels","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409906219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16050351"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16050351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16050351","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/5/351/pdf?version=1745819798","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/5/351/pdf?version=1745819798","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006936045","display_name":"Yu Ou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-6889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5343935","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Ou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-6889","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027674774","display_name":"Yongzhuang Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3371-4865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5343935","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongzhuang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028008648","display_name":"Ren\u00e9 Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2894-3871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118905719","display_name":"University of Primorska","ror":"https://ror.org/05xefg082","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118905719"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren\u00e9 Rodr\u00edguez-Aldama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Famnit & IAM, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2894-3871","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Famnit & IAM, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118905719"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056616258","display_name":"Fengrong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6804-6975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengrong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027674774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.2312,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76990608,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"5","first_page":"351","last_page":"351"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.6433500647544861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6279420852661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5881643891334534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5526224374771118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4785207509994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35345131158828735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3400859236717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32911309599876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.12455856800079346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.10088029503822327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.6433500647544861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6279420852661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5881643891334534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5526224374771118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4785207509994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35345131158828735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3400859236717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32911309599876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.12455856800079346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.10088029503822327}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16050351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16050351","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/5/351/pdf?version=1745819798","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repozitorij.upr.si:IzpisGradiva.php?id=21799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repozitorij.upr.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=21799","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196486","display_name":"Repository of the University of Primorsk (University of Primorska)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118905719","host_organization_name":"University of Primorska","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118905719"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:d.cobiss.net/repository/si:234521859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/5/351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055177","display_name":"dCOBISS.SI Digital Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"COBISS-ID: 18497046","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b1fe7d91137e4940b4335675407ebf9b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b1fe7d91137e4940b4335675407ebf9b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 5, p 351 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16050351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16050351","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/5/351/pdf?version=1745819798","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1919569383","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62062026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2407458217","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"J1-4084","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4785875618","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62162016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6001339111","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"J1-60012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7730516065","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"J1-60012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7793498958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"J1-4084","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","ror":"https://ror.org/059bp8k51"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323266","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409906219.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409906219.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78356000","https://openalex.org/W1613874182","https://openalex.org/W2084840427","https://openalex.org/W2166045937","https://openalex.org/W2556867355","https://openalex.org/W2603502540","https://openalex.org/W2810943746","https://openalex.org/W2963587345","https://openalex.org/W2982438846","https://openalex.org/W2990296674","https://openalex.org/W2996022685","https://openalex.org/W3016743655","https://openalex.org/W3042807565","https://openalex.org/W3126247501","https://openalex.org/W3158714703","https://openalex.org/W3162231345","https://openalex.org/W3196551716","https://openalex.org/W3208177954","https://openalex.org/W3212941383","https://openalex.org/W4238511007","https://openalex.org/W4245524709","https://openalex.org/W4289115712","https://openalex.org/W4310370771","https://openalex.org/W4372054758","https://openalex.org/W4378675650","https://openalex.org/W4381198806","https://openalex.org/W4385688247","https://openalex.org/W4386363014","https://openalex.org/W4389395060","https://openalex.org/W4390112531","https://openalex.org/W6603161775","https://openalex.org/W6671679412","https://openalex.org/W6682554491","https://openalex.org/W6752790553","https://openalex.org/W6771898502","https://openalex.org/W6800576537","https://openalex.org/W6847023418"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W4386858688","https://openalex.org/W2982536526","https://openalex.org/W4380302312","https://openalex.org/W3008689640","https://openalex.org/W4385338604","https://openalex.org/W3081626085"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,64],"deep":[1,36],"learning-based":[2],"side-channel":[3],"analysis":[4],"(DL-SCA),":[5],"there":[6],"may":[7],"be":[8,61,212],"a":[9,34,42,62,67,74,93,102],"proliferation":[10],"of":[11,17,26,89,125,148,171,197,203,217],"model":[12,38,69,97],"parameters":[13,51,154],"as":[14],"the":[15,24,87,111,115,121,126,141,146,169,177,191,194,201,209,215],"number":[16,147,170,202],"trace":[18,43],"power":[19,28,46,172,198,219],"points":[20,47],"increases,":[21],"especially":[22],"in":[23,134],"case":[25,216],"raw":[27,218],"traces.":[29,220],"Determining":[30],"how":[31,131],"to":[32,60,85,175,211,214],"design":[33],"lightweight":[35],"learning":[37],"that":[39,145,168],"can":[40],"handle":[41],"with":[44,104,163],"more":[45],"and":[48,52,123,129,152,160,200],"has":[49],"fewer":[50],"lower":[53],"time":[54],"costs":[55],"for":[56,114,208],"profiled":[57],"SCAs":[58],"appears":[59],"challenge.":[63],"this":[65],"article,":[66],"DL-SCA":[68],"is":[70,98,180],"proposed":[71],"by":[72,101,157],"introducing":[73],"non-trained":[75],"DL":[76],"technique":[77],"called":[78],"random":[79,127],"convolutional":[80],"kernels,":[81],"which":[82,108,206],"allows":[83,207],"us":[84],"extract":[86],"features":[88],"leakage":[90],"like":[91],"using":[92],"transformer":[94],"model.":[95],"The":[96],"then":[99],"processed":[100],"classifier":[103],"an":[105],"attention":[106],"mechanism,":[107],"finally":[109],"outputs":[110],"probability":[112],"vector":[113],"candidate":[116],"keys.":[117],"Moreover,":[118],"we":[119],"analyze":[120],"performance":[122],"complexity":[124],"kernels":[128],"discuss":[130],"they":[132],"work":[133],"theory.":[135],"On":[136],"several":[137],"public":[138],"AES":[139],"datasets,":[140],"experimental":[142],"results":[143],"show":[144],"required":[149,174],"profiling":[150],"traces":[151,173,199],"trainable":[153,204],"reduce,":[155],"respectively,":[156],"over":[158],"70%":[159],"94%":[161],"compared":[162],"state-of-the-art":[164],"works,":[165],"while":[166],"ensuring":[167],"recover":[176],"real":[178],"key":[179],"acceptable.":[181],"Importantly,":[182],"differing":[183],"from":[184],"previous":[185],"SCA":[186],"models,":[187],"our":[188],"architecture":[189,210],"eliminates":[190],"dependency":[192],"between":[193],"feature":[195],"length":[196],"parameters,":[205],"applied":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}