{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408924948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16040268","title":"The Evolution and Optimization Strategies of a PBFT Consensus Algorithm for Consortium Blockchains","display_name":"The Evolution and Optimization Strategies of a PBFT Consensus Algorithm for Consortium Blockchains","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408924948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16040268"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16040268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16040268","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/4/268/pdf?version=1743070251","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/4/268/pdf?version=1743070251","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fujiang Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6990-6701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174104030","display_name":"Taiyuan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/051k00p03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174104030"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50632499","display_name":"Chongqing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04vgbd477","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50632499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fujiang Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030619, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6990-6701","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50632499"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030619, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174104030"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100883377","display_name":"Xia Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50632499","display_name":"Chongqing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04vgbd477","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50632499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50632499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102864626","display_name":"Long Tai Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9929-7777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174104030","display_name":"Taiyuan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/051k00p03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174104030"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030619, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030619, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174104030"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101845292","display_name":"Lusheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2914-7121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50632499","display_name":"Chongqing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04vgbd477","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50632499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lusheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50632499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038916409","display_name":"Yuxin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4096-757X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Energy and Power, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4096-757X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Energy and Power, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052188235","display_name":"Xinming Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinming Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021477385","display_name":"Shaojie Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3995-3007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96036126","display_name":"Kumamoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02cgss904","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96036126"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaojie Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Magnesium Research Center, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3995-3007","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magnesium Research Center, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96036126"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019859685","display_name":"Yanhong Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2162-3798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123021","display_name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031npqv35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50632499","display_name":"Chongqing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04vgbd477","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50632499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanhong Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China","College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2162-3798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50632499"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019859685"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123021","https://openalex.org/I50632499"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":49.9795,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99830865,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"268","last_page":"268"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9700999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-algorithm","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","score":0.5939393639564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4828934669494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42115840315818787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983222225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5939393639564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4828934669494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42115840315818787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16040268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16040268","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/4/268/pdf?version=1743070251","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cadb36069cc348e8a78e35528dbed27f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cadb36069cc348e8a78e35528dbed27f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 4, p 268 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16040268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16040268","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/4/268/pdf?version=1743070251","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408924948.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":113,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013608896","https://openalex.org/W2051808222","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2544710688","https://openalex.org/W2578476968","https://openalex.org/W2770386114","https://openalex.org/W2783028624","https://openalex.org/W2805930283","https://openalex.org/W2897450989","https://openalex.org/W2899613141","https://openalex.org/W2900633867","https://openalex.org/W2989774069","https://openalex.org/W3003936169","https://openalex.org/W3028794039","https://openalex.org/W3040708662","https://openalex.org/W3042221193","https://openalex.org/W3045778027","https://openalex.org/W3118817917","https://openalex.org/W3125655210","https://openalex.org/W3126830318","https://openalex.org/W3127173181","https://openalex.org/W3128010533","https://openalex.org/W3132507094","https://openalex.org/W3135903046","https://openalex.org/W3137258111","https://openalex.org/W3161665684","https://openalex.org/W3170323079","https://openalex.org/W3175073186","https://openalex.org/W3176650457","https://openalex.org/W3186614012","https://openalex.org/W3192053793","https://openalex.org/W3193444460","https://openalex.org/W3197234204","https://openalex.org/W3198205980","https://openalex.org/W3200945944","https://openalex.org/W3202631576","https://openalex.org/W3210789515","https://openalex.org/W4205563034","https://openalex.org/W4206156526","https://openalex.org/W4206431153","https://openalex.org/W4210362383","https://openalex.org/W4220717082","https://openalex.org/W4225285241","https://openalex.org/W4249306361","https://openalex.org/W4281950382","https://openalex.org/W4283171728","https://openalex.org/W4285185969","https://openalex.org/W4285411108","https://openalex.org/W4286470730","https://openalex.org/W4288083305","https://openalex.org/W4293232363","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W4307837975","https://openalex.org/W4308888256","https://openalex.org/W4310049689","https://openalex.org/W4311457586","https://openalex.org/W4312109336","https://openalex.org/W4312474400","https://openalex.org/W4313890288","https://openalex.org/W4317930607","https://openalex.org/W4318473098","https://openalex.org/W4319216108","https://openalex.org/W4320009725","https://openalex.org/W4320029290","https://openalex.org/W4327522787","https://openalex.org/W4380303719","https://openalex.org/W4382236851","https://openalex.org/W4384662737","https://openalex.org/W4385687992","https://openalex.org/W4385737807","https://openalex.org/W4386328428","https://openalex.org/W4387415290","https://openalex.org/W4387490406","https://openalex.org/W4388182168","https://openalex.org/W4388228623","https://openalex.org/W4390822813","https://openalex.org/W4391094239","https://openalex.org/W4391893159","https://openalex.org/W4393145406","https://openalex.org/W4393381906","https://openalex.org/W4393851259","https://openalex.org/W4394966039","https://openalex.org/W4395462511","https://openalex.org/W4396687727","https://openalex.org/W4400433345","https://openalex.org/W4400904799","https://openalex.org/W4402892313","https://openalex.org/W4402896307","https://openalex.org/W4402955984","https://openalex.org/W4404601876","https://openalex.org/W4404803461","https://openalex.org/W4404863698","https://openalex.org/W4405703276","https://openalex.org/W4405963288","https://openalex.org/W4406321940","https://openalex.org/W4406331704","https://openalex.org/W4406354120","https://openalex.org/W4406679062","https://openalex.org/W4407574949","https://openalex.org/W4408145100","https://openalex.org/W4408218155","https://openalex.org/W4408414811","https://openalex.org/W4408548665","https://openalex.org/W4408576425","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6732005782","https://openalex.org/W6781894744","https://openalex.org/W6788496149","https://openalex.org/W6790068551","https://openalex.org/W6790110679","https://openalex.org/W6800807477","https://openalex.org/W6839404471","https://openalex.org/W6874147680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W3176618911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,72,85],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,44,53,59,88,132],"blockchain":[5],"technology,":[6],"consensus":[7,24,46,118,150],"algorithms":[8,47],"have":[9],"become":[10],"a":[11,21,61,116,129],"significant":[12],"research":[13,147],"focus.":[14],"Practical":[15],"Byzantine":[16],"Fault":[17],"Tolerance":[18],"(PBFT),":[19],"as":[20],"widely":[22],"used":[23],"mechanism":[25,102],"in":[26,33],"consortium":[27],"blockchains,":[28],"has":[29],"undergone":[30],"numerous":[31],"enhancements":[32],"recent":[34],"years.":[35],"However,":[36],"existing":[37],"review":[38,62,84],"studies":[39],"primarily":[40],"emphasize":[41],"broad":[42],"comparisons":[43],"different":[45],"and":[48,68,100,115,122,142],"lack":[49,58],"an":[50],"in-depth":[51],"exploration":[52],"PBFT":[54,89],"optimization":[55,134],"strategies.":[56],"The":[57],"such":[60],"makes":[63],"it":[64],"challenging":[65],"for":[66,76,149],"researchers":[67],"practitioners":[69],"to":[70],"identify":[71],"most":[73],"effective":[74],"optimizations":[75],"specific":[77],"application":[78],"scenarios.":[79],"In":[80],"this":[81,126],"paper,":[82],"we":[83,105],"improvement":[86],"schemes":[87],"from":[90],"three":[91],"key":[92],"directions:":[93],"communication":[94],"complexity":[95],"optimization,":[96],"dynamic":[97],"node":[98,110],"management,":[99],"incentive":[101],"integration.":[103],"Specifically,":[104],"explore":[106],"hierarchical":[107],"networking,":[108],"adaptive":[109],"selection,":[111],"multi-leader":[112],"view":[113],"switching,":[114],"hybrid":[117],"model":[119],"incorporating":[120],"staking":[121],"penalty":[123],"mechanisms.":[124],"Finally,":[125],"paper":[127],"presents":[128],"comparative":[130],"analysis":[131],"these":[133],"strategies,":[135],"evaluates":[136],"their":[137],"applicability":[138],"across":[139],"various":[140],"scenarios,":[141],"offers":[143],"insights":[144],"into":[145],"future":[146],"directions":[148],"algorithm":[151],"design.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}